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信號與系統(tǒng)(第二版)(英文版) 本書是美國麻省理工學院的經典教材之一,討論了信號與系統(tǒng)分析的基本理論、基本分析方法及其應用。全書共分11章,主要講述了線性系統(tǒng)的基本理論、信號與系統(tǒng)的基本概念、線性時不變系統(tǒng)、連續(xù)與離散信號的傅里葉表示、傅里葉變換以及時域和頻域系統(tǒng)的分析方法等內容。本書作者使用了大量在濾波、采樣、通信和反饋系統(tǒng)中的實例,并行討論了連續(xù)系統(tǒng)、離散系統(tǒng)、時域系統(tǒng)和頻域系統(tǒng)的分析方法,使讀者能透徹地理解各種信號系統(tǒng)的分析方法并比較其異同。 適讀人群 :本書可作為通信與電子系統(tǒng)類、自動化類以及全部電類專業(yè)的信號與系統(tǒng)雙語教學課程的教材,也可供所有從事信息獲取、轉換、傳輸及處理工作的其他專業(yè)研究生、教師和廣大科技工作者參考。 本書是美國麻省理工學院的經典教材之一,討論了信號與系統(tǒng)分析的基本理論、基本分析方法及其應用。 PREFACE This book is the second edition of a text designed for undergraduate courses in signals and systems. While such courses are frequently found in electrical engineering curricula, the concepts and techniques that form the core of the subject are of fundamental importance in all engineering disciplines. In fact, the scope of potential and actual applications of the methods of signal and system analysis continues to expand as engineers are confronted with new challenges involving the synthesis or analysis of complex processes. For these reasons we feel that a course in signals and systems not only is an essential element in an engineering program but also can be one of the most rewarding, exciting, and useful courses that engineering students take during their undergraduate education. Our treatment of the subject of signals and systems in this second edition maintains the same general philosophy as in the first edition but with significant rewriting, restructuring, and additions. These changes are designed to help both the instructor in presenting the subject material and the student in mastering it. In the preface to the first edition we stated that our overall approach to signals and systems had been guided by the continuing developments in technologies for signal and system design and implementation, which made it increasingly important for a student to have equal familiarity with techniques suitable for analyzing and synthesizing both continuous-time and discrete-time systems. As we write the preface to this second edition, that observation and guiding principle are even more true than before. Thus, while students studying signals and systems should certainly have a solid foundation in disciplines based on the laws of physics, they must also have a firm grounding in the use of computers for the analysis of phenomena and the implementation of systems and algorithms. As a consequence, engineering curricula now reflect a blend of subjects, some involving continuous-time models and others focusing on the use of computers and discrete representations. For these reasons, signals and systems courses that bring discrete-time and continuous-time concepts together in a unified way play an increasingly important role in the education of engineering students and in their preparation for current and future developments in their chosen fields. It is with these goals in mind that we have structured this book to develop in parallel the methods of analysis for continuous-time and discrete-time signals and systems. This approach also offers a distinct and extremely important pedagogical advantage. Specifically, we are able to draw on the similarities between continuous- and discrete-time methods in order to share insights and intuition developed in each domain. Similarly, we can exploit the differences between them to sharpen an understanding of the distinct properties of each. In organizing the material both originally and now in the second edition, we have also considered it essential to introduce the student to some of the important uses of the basic methods that are developed in the book. Not only does this provide the student with an appreciation for the range of applications of the techniques being learned and for directions for further study, but it also helps to deepen understanding of the subject. To achieve this goal we include introductory treatments on the subjects of filtering, communications, sampling, discrete-time processing of continuous-time signals, and feedback. In fact, in one of the major changes in this second edition, we have introduced the concept of frequency-domain filtering very early in our treatment of Fourier analysis in order to provide both motivation for and insight into this very important topic. In addition, we have again included an up-to-date bibliography at the end of the book in order to assist the student who is interested in pursuing additional and more advanced studies of the methods and applications of signal and system analysis. The organization of the book reflects our conviction that 美國麻省理工學院電氣與計算機科學系Ford教授,該校電子學研究實驗室(RLE)首席研究員。美國國家工程院院士,IEEE會士。研究興趣為通用領域的信號處理及應用,曾因出色的科研和教學工作多次獲獎。另著有Discrete-Time Signal Processing和Signals, Systems and Inference。<BR>美國麻省理工學院電氣與計算機科學系Ford教授,該校電子學研究實驗室(RLE)首席研究員。美國國家工程院院士,IEEE會士。研究興趣為通用領域的信號處理及應用,曾因出色的科研和教學工作多次獲獎。另著有Discrete-Time Signal Processing和Signals, Systems and Inference。
CONTENTS 目錄
Chapter 1 Signals and Systems 信號與系統(tǒng) 1.0 Introduction 引言 1.1 Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals 連續(xù)時間信號和離散時間信號 1.1.1 Examples and Mathematical Representation 舉例與數(shù)學表示 1.1.2 Signal Energy and Power 信號能量與功率 1.2 Transformations of the Independent Variable 自變量的變換 1.2.1 Examples of Transformations of the Independent Variable 自變量變換舉例 1.2.2 Periodic Signals 周期信號 1.2.3 Even and Odd Signals 偶信號與奇信號 1.3 Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals 指數(shù)信號與正弦信號 1.3.1 Continuous-Time Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals 連續(xù)時間復指數(shù)信號與正弦信號 1.3.2 Discrete-Time Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals 離散時間復指數(shù)信號與正弦信號 1.3.3 Periodicity Properties of Discrete-Time Complex Exponentials 離散時間復指數(shù)序列的周期性質 1.4 The Unit Impulse and Unit Step Functions 單位沖激函數(shù)與單位階躍函數(shù) 1.4.1 The Discrete-Time Unit Impulse and Unit Step Sequences 離散時間單位脈沖序列和單位階躍序列 1.4.2 The Continuous-Time Unit Step and Unit Impulse Functions 連續(xù)時間單位階躍函數(shù)和單位沖激函數(shù) 1.5 Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Systems 連續(xù)時間系統(tǒng)和離散時間系統(tǒng) 1.5.1 Simple Examples of Systems 簡單系統(tǒng)舉例 1.5.2 Interconnections of Systems 系統(tǒng)的互聯(lián) 1.6 Basic System Properties 基本系統(tǒng)性質 1.6.1 Systems with and without Memory 有記憶系統(tǒng)與無記憶系統(tǒng) 1.6.2 Invertibility and Inverse Systems 可逆性與可逆系統(tǒng) 1.6.3 Causality 因果性 1.6.4 Stability 穩(wěn)定性 1.6.5 Time Invariance 時不變性 1.6.6 Linearity 線性 1.7 Summary 小結 Problems 習題 Chapter 2 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 線性時不變系統(tǒng) 2.0 Introduction 引言 2.1 Discrete-Time LTI Systems: The Convolution Sum 離散時間線性時不變系統(tǒng):卷積和 2.1.1 The Representation of Discrete-Time Signals in Terms of Impulses 用脈沖表示離散時間信號 2.1.2 The Discrete-Time Unit Impulse Response and the Convolution-Sum Representation of LTI Systems 離散時間線性時不變系統(tǒng)的單位脈沖響應及卷積和表示 2.2 Continuous-Time LTI Systems: The Convolution Integral 連續(xù)時間線性時不變系統(tǒng):卷積積分 2.2.1 The Representation of Continuous-Time Signals in Terms of Impulses 用沖激表示連續(xù)時間信號 2.2.2 The Continuous-Time Unit Impulse Response and the Convolution Integral Representation of LTI Systems 連續(xù)時間線性時不變系統(tǒng)的單位沖激響應及卷積積分表示 2.3 Properties of Linear Time-Invariant Systems 線性時不變系統(tǒng)的性質 2.3.1 The Commutative Property 交換律性質 2.3.2 The Distributive Property 分配律性質 2.3.3 The Associative Property 結合律性質 2.3.4 LTI Systems with and without Memory 有記憶和無記憶線性時不變系統(tǒng) 2.3.5 Invertibility of LTI Systems 線性時不變系統(tǒng)的可逆性 2.3.6 Causality for LTI Systems 線性時不變系統(tǒng)的因果性 2.3.7 Stability for LTI Systems 線性時不變系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性 2.3.8 The Unit Step Response of an LTI System 線性時不變系統(tǒng)的單位階躍響應 2.4 Causal LTI Systems Described by Differential and Difference Equations 用微分方程和差分方程描述的因果線性時不變系統(tǒng) 2.4.1 Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations 線性常系數(shù)微分方程 2.4.2 Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations 線性常系數(shù)差分方程 2.4.3 Block Diagram Representations of First-Order Systems Described by Differential and Difference Equations 用微分方程和差分方程描述的一階系統(tǒng)的方框圖表示 2.5 Singularity Functions 奇異函數(shù) 2.5.1 The Unit Impulse as an Idealized Short Pulse 作為理想化短脈沖的單位沖激 2.5.2 Defining the Unit Impulse through Convolution 通過卷積定義單位沖激 2.5.3 Unit Doublets and Other Singularity Functions 單位沖激偶和其他奇異函數(shù) 2.6 Summary 小結 Problems 習題 Chapter 3 Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals 周期信號的傅里葉級數(shù)表示 3.0 Introduction 引言 3.1 A Historical Perspective 歷史回顧 3.2 The Response of LTI Systems to Complex Exponentials 線性時不變系統(tǒng)對復指數(shù)信號的響應 3.3 Fourier Series Representation of Continuous-Time Periodic Signals 連續(xù)時間周期信號的傅里葉級數(shù)表示 3.3.1 Linear Combinations of Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials 成諧波關系的復指數(shù)信號的線性組合 3.3.2 Determination of the Fourier Series Representation of a Continuous-Time Periodic Signal 連續(xù)時間周期信號傅里葉級數(shù)表示的確定 3.4 Convergence of the Fourier Series 傅里葉級數(shù)的收斂 3.5 Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Series 連續(xù)時間傅里葉級數(shù)性質 3.5.1 Linearity 線性性質 3.5.2 Time Shifting 時移性質 3.5.3 Time Reversal 時間反轉性質 3.5.4 Time Scaling 時域尺度變換性質 3.5.5 Multiplication 相乘性質 3.5.6 Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry 共軛與共軛對稱性質 3.5.7 Parseval’s Relation for Continuous-Time Periodic Signals 連續(xù)時間周期信號的帕塞瓦爾定理 3.5.8 Summary of Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Series 連續(xù)時間傅里葉級數(shù)性質列表 3.5.9 Examples 舉例 3.6 Fourier Series Representation of Discrete-Time Periodic Signals 離散時間周期信號的傅里葉級數(shù)表示 3.6.1 Linear Combinations of Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials 成諧波關系的復指數(shù)信號的線性組合 3.6.2 Determination of the Fourier Series Representation of a Periodic Signal 周期信號傅里葉級數(shù)表示的確定 3.7 Properties of Discrete-Time Fourier Series 離散時間傅里葉級數(shù)性質 3.7.1 Multiplication 相乘性質 3.7.2 First Difference 一次差分性質 3.7.3 Parseval’s Relation for Discrete-Time Periodic Signals 離散時間周期信號的帕塞瓦爾定理 3.7.4 Examples 舉例 3.8 Fourier Series and LTI Systems 傅里葉級數(shù)與線性時不變系統(tǒng) 3.9 Filtering 濾波 3.9.1 Frequency-Shaping Filters 頻率成形濾波器 3.9.2 Frequency-Selective Filters 頻率選擇性濾波器 3.10 Examples of Continuous-Time Filters Described by Differential Equations 用微分方程描述的連續(xù)時間濾波器舉例 3.10.1 A Simple RC Lowpass Filter 簡單RC低通濾波器 3.10.2 A Simple RC Highpass Filter 簡單RC高通濾波器 3.11 Examples of Discrete-Time Filters Described by Difference Equations 用差分方程描述的離散時間濾波器舉例 3.11.1 First-Order Recursive Discrete-Time Filters 一階遞歸離散時間濾波器 3.11.2 Nonrecursive Discrete-Time Filters 非遞歸離散時間濾波器 3.12 Summary 小結 Problems 習題 Chapter 4 The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 連續(xù)時間傅里葉變換 4.0 Introduction 引言 4.1 Representation of Aperiodic Signals: The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 非周期信號的表示:連續(xù)時間傅里葉變換 4.1.1 Development of the Fourier Transform Representation of an Aperiodic Signal 非周期信號傅里葉變換表示的導出 4.1.2 Convergence of Fourier Transforms 傅里葉變換的收斂 4.1.3 Examples of Continuous-Time Fourier Transforms 連續(xù)時間傅里葉變換舉例 4.2 The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals 周期信號的傅里葉變換 4.3 Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 連續(xù)時間傅里葉變換性質 4.3.1 Linearity 線性性質 4.3.2 Time Shifting 時移性質 4.3.3 Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry 共軛與共軛對稱性質 4.3.4 Differentiation and Integration 微分與積分性質 4.3.5 Time and Frequency Scaling 時間與頻率的尺度變換性質 4.3.6 Duality 對偶性質 4.3.7 Parseval’s Relation 帕塞瓦爾定理 4.4 The Convolution Property 卷積性質 4.4.1 Examples 舉例 4.5 The Multiplication Property 相乘性質 4.5.1 Frequency-Selective Filtering with Variable Center Frequency 具有可變中心頻率的頻率選擇性濾波 4.6 Tables of Fourier Properties and of Basic Fourier Transform Pairs 傅里葉變換性質和基本傅里葉變換對列表 4.7 Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations 由線性常系數(shù)微分方程表征的系統(tǒng) 4.8 Summary 小結 Problems 習題 Chapter 5 The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 離散時間傅里葉變換 5.0 Introduction 引言 5.1 Representation of Aperiodic Signals: The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 非周期信號的表示:離散時間傅里葉變換 5.1.1 Development of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 離散時間傅里葉變換的導出 5.1.2 Examples of Discrete-Time Fourier Transforms 離散時間傅里葉變換舉例 5.1.3 Convergence Issues Associated with the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 關于離散時間傅里葉變換的收斂問題 5.2 The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals 周期信號的傅里葉變換 5.3 Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 離散時間傅里葉變換性質 5.3.1 Periodicity of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform 離散時間傅里葉變換的周期性 5.3.2 Linearity of the Fourier Transform 線性性質 5.3.3 Time Shifting and Frequency Shifting 時移與頻移性質 5.3.4 Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry 共軛與共軛對稱性質 5.3.5 Differencing and Accumulation 差分與累加性質 5.3.6 Time Reversal 時間反轉性質 5.3.7 Time Expansion 時域擴展性質 5.3.8 Differentiation in Frequency 頻域微分性質 5.3.9 Parseval’s Relation 帕塞瓦爾定理 5.4 The Convolution Property 卷積性質 5.4.1 Examples 舉例 5.5 The Multiplication Property 相乘性質 5.6 Tables of Fourier Transform Properties and Basic Fourier Transform Pairs 傅里葉變換性質和基本傅里葉變換對列表 5.7 Duality 對偶性質 5.7.1 Duality in the Discrete-Time Fourier Series 離散時間傅里葉級數(shù)的對偶性質 5.7.2 Duality between the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform and the Continuous-Time Fourier Series 離散時間傅里葉變換和連續(xù)時間傅里葉級數(shù)之間的對偶性質 5.8 Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations 由線性常系數(shù)差分方程表征的系統(tǒng) 5.9 Summary 小結 Problems 習題 Chapter 6 Time and Frequency Characterization of Signals and Systems 信號與系統(tǒng)的時域和頻域特性 6.0 Introduction 引言 6.1 The Magnitude-Phase Representation of the Fourier Transform 傅里葉變換的模和相位表示 6.2 The Magnitude-Phase Representation of the Frequency Response of LTI Systems 線性時不變系統(tǒng)頻率響應的模和相位表示 6.2.1 Linear and Nonlinear Phase 線性與非線性相位 6.2.2 Group Delay 群延遲 6.2.3 Log-Magnitude and Bode Plots 對數(shù)模和伯德圖 6.3 Time-Domain Properties of Ideal Frequency-Selective Filters 理想頻率選擇性濾波器的時域特性 6.4 Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Aspects of Nonideal Filters 非理想濾波器的時域和頻域特性討論 6.5 First-Order and Second-Order Continuous-Time Systems 一階與二階連續(xù)時間系統(tǒng) 6.5.1 First-Order Continuous-Time Systems 一階連續(xù)時間系統(tǒng) 6.5.2 Second-Order Continuous-Time Systems 二階連續(xù)時間系統(tǒng) 6.5.3 Bode Plots for Rational Frequency Responses 有理型頻率響應的伯德圖 6.6 First-Order and Second-Order Discrete-Time Systems 一階與二階離散時間系統(tǒng) 6.6.1 First-Order Discrete-Time Systems 一階離散時間系統(tǒng) 6.6.2 Second-Order Discrete-Time Systems 二階離散時間系統(tǒng) 6.7 Examples of Time- and Frequency-Domain Analysis of Systems 系統(tǒng)的時域分析與頻域分析舉例 6.7.1 Analysis of an Automobile Suspension System 汽車減震系統(tǒng)的分析 6.7.2 Examples of Discrete-Time Nonrecursive Filters 離散時間非遞歸濾波器舉例 6.8 Summary 小結 Problems 習題 Chapter 7 Sampling 采樣 7.0 Introduction 引言 7.1 Representation of a Continuous-Time Signal by Its Samples: The Sampling Theorem 用信號樣本表示連續(xù)時間信號:采樣定理 7.1.1 Impulse-Train Sampling 沖激串采樣 7.1.2 Sampling with a Zero-Order Hold 零階保持采樣 7.2 Reconstruction of a Signal from Its Samples Using Interpolation 利用內插由樣本重建信號 7.3 The Effect of Undersampling: Aliasing 欠采樣的效果:混疊現(xiàn)象 7.4 Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals 連續(xù)時間信號的離散時間處理 7.4.1 Digital Differentiator 數(shù)字微分器 7.4.2 Half-Sample Delay 半采樣間隔延遲 7.5 Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals 離散時間信號采樣 7.5.1 Impulse-Train Sampling 脈沖串采樣 7.5.2 Discrete-Time Decimation and Interpolation 離散時間抽取與內插 7.6 Summary 小結 Problems 習題 Chapter 8 Communication Systems 通信系統(tǒng) 8.0 Introduction 引言 8.1 Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Amplitude Modulation 復指數(shù)與正弦幅度調制 8.1.1 Amplitude Modulation with a Complex Exponential Carrier 復指數(shù)載波的幅度調制 8.1.2 Amplitude Modulation with a Sinusoidal Carrier 正弦載波的幅度調制 8.2 Demodulation for Sinusoidal AM 正弦幅度調制的解調 8.2.1 Synchronous Demodulation 同步解調 8.2.2 Asynchronous Demodulation 非同步解調 8.3 Frequency-Division Multiplexing 頻分多路復用 8.4 Single-Sideband Sinusoidal Amplitude Modulation 單邊帶正弦幅度調制 8.5 Amplitude Modulation with a Pulse-Train Carrier 用脈沖串進行載波的幅度調制 8.5.1 Modulation of a Pulse-Train Carrier 脈沖串載波調制 8.5.2 Time-Division Multiplexing 時分多路復用 8.6 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 脈沖幅度調制 8.6.1 Pulse-Amplitude Modulated Signals 脈沖幅度已調信號 8.6.2 Intersymbol Interference in PAM Systems 脈沖幅度調制系統(tǒng)中的碼間干擾 8.6.3 Digital Pulse-Amplitude and Pulse-Code Modulation 數(shù)字脈沖幅度調制和脈沖編碼調制 8.7 Sinusoidal Frequency Modulation 正弦頻率調制 8.7.1 Narrowband Frequency Modulation 窄帶頻率調制 8.7.2 Wideband Frequency Modulation 寬帶頻率調制 8.7.3 Periodic Square-Wave Modulating Signals 周期方波調制信號 8.8 Discrete-Time Modulation 離散時間調制 8.8.1 Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Amplitude Modulation 離散時間正弦幅度調制 8.8.2 Discrete-Time Transmodulation 離散時間調制轉換 8.9 Summary 小結 Problems 習題 Chapter 9 The Laplace Transform 拉普拉斯變換 9.0 Introduction 引言 9.1 The Laplace Transform 拉普拉斯變換 9.2 The Region of Convergence for Laplace Transforms 拉普拉斯變換的收斂域 9.3 The Inverse Laplace Transform 拉普拉斯逆變換 9.4 Geometric Evaluation of the Fourier Transform from the Pole-Zero Plot 利用零極點圖對傅里葉變換進行幾何求值 9.4.1 First-Order Systems 一階系統(tǒng) 9.4.2 Second-Order Systems 二階系統(tǒng) 9.4.3 All-Pass Systems 全通系統(tǒng) 9.5 Properties of the Laplace Transform 拉普拉斯變換的性質 9.5.1 Linearity of the Laplace Transform 線性性質 9.5.2 Time Shifting 時移性質 9.5.3 Shifting in the s-Domain s域平移性質 9.5.4 Time Scaling 時域尺度變換性質 9.5.5 Conjugation 共軛性質 9.5.6 Convolution Property 卷積性質 9.5.7 Differentiation in the Time Domain 時域微分性質 9.5.8 Differentiation in the s-Domain s域微分性質 9.5.9 Integration in the Time Domain 時域積分性質 9.5.10 The Initial-and Final-Value Theorems 初值定理與終值定理 9.5.11 Table of Properties 性質列表 9.6 Some Laplace Transform Pairs 常用拉普拉斯變換對 9.7 Analysis and Characterization of LTI Systems Using the Laplace Transform 用拉普拉斯變換分析與表征線性時不變系統(tǒng) 9.7.1 Causality 因果性 9.7.2 Stability 穩(wěn)定性 9.7.3 LTI Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations 由線性常系數(shù)微分方程表征的線性時不變系統(tǒng) 9.7.4 Examples Relating System Behavior to the System Function 系統(tǒng)特性與系統(tǒng)函數(shù)的關系舉例 9.7.5 Butterworth Filters 巴特沃思濾波器 9.8 System Function Algebra and Block Diagram Representations 系統(tǒng)函數(shù)的代數(shù)屬性與方框圖表示 9.8.1 System Functions for Interconnections of LTI Systems 線性時不變系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)的系統(tǒng)函數(shù) 9.8.2 Block Diagram Representations for Causal LTI Systems Described by Differential Equations and Rational System Functions 由微分方程和有理系統(tǒng)函數(shù)描述的因果線性時不變系統(tǒng)的方框圖表示 9.9 The Unilateral Laplace Transform 單邊拉普拉斯變換 9.9.1 Examples of Unilateral Laplace Transforms 單邊拉普拉斯變換舉例 9.9.2 Properties of the Unilateral Laplace Transform 單邊拉普拉斯變換性質 9.9.3 Solving Differential Equations Using the Unilateral Laplace Transform 利用單邊拉普拉斯變換求解微分方程 9.10 Summary 小結 Problems 習題 Chapter 10 The z-Transform z變換 10.0 Introduction 引言 10.1 The z-Transform z變換 10.2 The Region of Convergence for the z-Transform z變換的收斂域 10.3 The Inverse z-Transform z逆變換 10.4 Geometric Evaluation of the Fourier Transform from the Pole-Zero Plot 利用零極點圖對傅里葉變換進行幾何求值 10.4.1 First-Order Systems 一階系統(tǒng) 10.4.2 Second-Order Systems 二階系統(tǒng) 10.5 Properties of the z-Transform z變換的性質 10.5.1 Linearity 線性性質 10.5.2 Time Shifting 時移性質 10.5.3 Scaling in the z-Domain z域尺度變換性質 10.5.4 Time Reversal 時間反轉性質 10.5.5 Time Expansion 時間擴展性質 10.5.6 Conjugation 共軛性質 10.5.7 The Convolution Property 卷積性質 10.5.8 Differentiation in the z-Domain z域微分性質 10.5.9 The Initial-Value Theorem 初值定理 10.5.10 Summary of Properties 性質小結 10.6 Some Common z-Transform Pairs 常用z變換對 10.7 Analysis and Characterization of LTI Systems Using z-Transforms 利用z變換分析與表征線性時不變系統(tǒng) 10.7.1 Causality 因果性 10.7.2 Stability 穩(wěn)定性 10.7.3 LTI Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations 由線性常系數(shù)差分方程表征的線性時不變系統(tǒng) 10.7.4 Examples Relating System Behavior to the System Function 系統(tǒng)特性與系統(tǒng)函數(shù)的關系舉例 10.8 System Function Algebra and Block Diagram Representations 系統(tǒng)函數(shù)的代數(shù)屬性與方框圖表示 10.8.1 System Functions for Interconnections of LTI Systems 線性時不變系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)的系統(tǒng)函數(shù) 10.8.2 Block Diagram Representations for Causal LTI Systems Described by Difference Equations and Rational System Functions 由差分方程和有理系統(tǒng)函數(shù)描述的因果線性時不變系統(tǒng)的方框圖表示 10.9 The Unilateral z-Transform 單邊z變換 10.9.1 Examples of Unilateral z-Transforms and Inverse Transforms 單邊z變換和單邊z逆變換舉例 10.9.2 Properties of the Unilateral z-Transform 單邊z變換性質 10.9.3 Solving Difference Equations Using the Unilateral z-Transform 利用單邊z變換求解差分方程 10.10 Summary 小結 Problems 習題 Chapter 11 Linear Feedback Systems 線性反饋系統(tǒng) 11.0 Introduction 引言 11.1 Linear Feedback Systems 線性反饋系統(tǒng) 11.2 Some Applications and Consequences of Feedback 反饋的某些應用及結果 11.2.1 Inverse System Design 逆系統(tǒng)設計 11.2.2 Compensation for Nonideal Elements 非理想元件的補償 11.2.3 Stabilization of Unstable Systems 不穩(wěn)定系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定 11.2.4 Sampled-Data Feedback Systems 采樣數(shù)據(jù)反饋系統(tǒng) 11.2.5 Tracking Systems 跟蹤系統(tǒng) 11.2.6 Destabilization Caused by Feedback 反饋引起的不穩(wěn)定 11.3 Root-Locus Analysis of Linear Feedback Systems 線性反饋系統(tǒng)的根軌跡分析法 11.3.1 An Introductory Example 一個例子 11.3.2 Equation for the Closed-Loop Poles 閉環(huán)極點方程 11.3.3 The End Points of the Root Locus: The Closed-Loop Poles for K = 0 and |K| =∞ 根軌跡的端點:K = 0和| K | =∞時的閉環(huán)極點 11.3.4 The Angle Criterion 角判據(jù) 11.3.5 Properties of the Root Locus 根軌跡的性質 11.4 The Nyquist Stability Criterion 奈奎斯特穩(wěn)定判據(jù) 11.4.1 The Encirclement Property 圍線性質 11.4.2 The Nyquist Criterion for Continuous-Time LTI Feedback Systems 連續(xù)時間線性時不變反饋系統(tǒng)的奈奎斯特判據(jù) 11.4.3 The Nyquist Criterion for Discrete-Time LTI Feedback Systems 離散時間線性時不變反饋系統(tǒng)的奈奎斯特判據(jù) 11.5 Gain and Phase Margins 增益和相位裕度 11.6 Summary 小結 Problems 習題 Appendix Partial-Fraction Expansion 部分分式展開 Bibliography 文獻清單 Answers 基本題答案 Index 索引
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