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　Global developments in mediane and health shape trends in medical education. And in China education reform has become an important focus as the country strives to meet the basic requirements for developing a medical education system that meets international standards. Significant medical developments abroad are now being incorporated into the education of both domestic and international medical students in China， which includes students from the districts of China's Hong Kong， Macao and Taiwan that are taught through mandarin Chinese as well as students from a variety of other regions that are taught through the English language. This latter group creates higher demands for both schools and teachers. 　　Unfortunately there is no consensus as to how to improve the level and quality of education for these students or even as to which English language materials should be used. Some teachers prefer to directly use original English language materials， while others make use of Chinese medical textbooks with the help of English language medical notes. The lack of consensus has emerged from the lack of English language medical textbooks based on the characteristics of modern medical education in China. 　　In fact， most Chinese teachers involved in medical education have already attained an adequate level of English language usage. However， English language medical textbooks that reflect the culture of the teachers would in fact make it easier for these teachers to complete the task at hand and would improve the level and quality of medical education for international students. In addition， these texts could be used to improve the English language level of the medical students taught in Chinese. THis is the purpose behind the compilation and publishing of this set of English language medical education textbooks，

　from CCMU. In addition， teachers with rich teaching experience in other medical schools are also called upon to help create this set of textbooks. And finally some excellent scholars are invited to partiapate as final arbiters for some of the materials.
　　The total package of English medical education textbooks includes 63 books. Each textbook conforms to five standards according to their grounding in science; adherence to a system; basic theory， concepts and skills eluadated; simplicity and practicality. This has enabled the creation of a series of English language textbooks that adheres to the characteristics and customs of Chinese medical education. The complete set of textbooks conforms to an overall design and uniform style in regards to covers， colors， and graphics. Each chapter contains learning objectives， core concepts， an introduction， a body， a summary， questions and references that together serve as a scaffold for both teachers and students.
　　The complete set of English language medical education textbooks is designed for teaching overseas undergraduate clinical mediane students （six years）， and can also serve as reference textbooks for bilingual teaching and learning for 5-year， 7-year and 8-year programs in clinical mediane.
　　We would like to thank the chief arbiters， chief editors and general editors for their arduous labor in the writing of each chapter. We would also like to acknowledge all the contributors. Finally， we would like to acknowledge Higher Education Press. They have all provided valuable support during the many weekends and evening hours of work that were necessary for completing tlus endeavor.
　　Immunology is one of the most important subjects that bridge medical science and clinical application. There have been enormous progresses and achievements made in this subject in the past few decades. Throughout this textbook we have made great efforts to emphasize key concepts and make the text book conase， easily understandable， and current. The field of immunology has been progressing very fast， with new prinaples and findings continuing to emerges. We strongly encourage you to utilize internet learning tools， such as search engines Google， Bing， Wikipedia， PubMed etc.， to keep up with the most updated scientific advances as well as to further increase clarity， accuracy and completeness.
　　To better understand and grasp the principles of immunology， always remember that the immune system evolves and centers on host defense against nucrobes. The more complex it becomes， the more precise regulatory mechanisms are required. If error or mishap occurs， immune responses may induce tissue injury and cause diseases （inflammation）; the immune system may even mistake one's own molecules or tissues as foreign， which results in harmful immune reactions against oneself （autoimnuuuty）， or fail to mount effective responses against malignantly transformed cells （tumor immunology）. Basic prinaples ofimmunology are now playing more and more important roles in understanding human diseases as well as developing new therapeutic reagents and methods.
　　All the members of the department ofimmunology have made contributions to this book or provided valuable suggestions and comments. Special thanks to medical students Yunhuan Liu and Lianfeng Lu， and graduate students Li Bai， Rongjuan Chen， Fan Liang， Ruochan Zhang and Yamei Zhang， for the high quality illustrations. Finally， we are very grateful to generous and continuous supports from the people participating in every stage of this book.

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