本書吸收和借鑒語言經(jīng)濟性理論、語用策略理論、系統(tǒng)功能語言學理論及認知理論等最新研究成果，依據(jù)英語學術(shù)論文體裁特點，將學術(shù)語篇視為一個以不同層級的交際意圖為主導，以三大元功能語篇語義為三維空間，以評價性語言資源為重要參數(shù)的多維網(wǎng)絡，具有意圖性、復雜性和三維動態(tài)性特征，適配和擴展激活是該網(wǎng)絡在語篇意義建構(gòu)中的運作方式。經(jīng)濟的語篇實質(zhì)就是意圖網(wǎng)絡地有效建構(gòu)，因此，對語用經(jīng)濟策略分析的實質(zhì)就是對實現(xiàn)語篇層級意圖網(wǎng)絡有效建構(gòu)資源手段的解構(gòu)和剖析。語用經(jīng)濟策略分為明示和隱含兩大類。這兩大類語用經(jīng)濟策略的綜合運用共同促成科技語篇的優(yōu)化。
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語言經(jīng)濟性和語用策略一直以來都是語用學理論研究的重要論題。自20世紀40年代George Kingsley Zipf首次明確提出省力原則以來，眾多學者從不同的角度探討語言交際的經(jīng)濟性問題。語法學家和修辭學家認為省略是語言經(jīng)濟性的一個重要體現(xiàn)，共同探討了省略句的功效意義和修辭特點。結(jié)構(gòu)主義語言學家透過語言的物質(zhì)表層進入語言系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部研究語言的經(jīng)濟性。他們注意到了人類語言使用的一個經(jīng)濟現(xiàn)象：少量的語音組成大批的音節(jié)承載辨義的音段，這些音段構(gòu)成上千的詞，這些詞又被賦予了幾百萬種意義，而在這幾百萬種意義上可能造出的句子和話語的數(shù)目則是個天文數(shù)字。他們認為人類之所以能夠通過對語言基礎單位的重新組合生成無限多的句子是因為語言的層次性和結(jié)構(gòu)原則。語言經(jīng)濟性不僅體現(xiàn)在語言系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)方面，也體現(xiàn)在人們對語言的實際運用方面。語用學家從各自不同的觀察角度出發(fā)，討論語言經(jīng)濟性問題，并提出了一系列用以指導高效交際的語用原則，如：格萊斯的合作原則、荷恩會話兩原則和萊文森的會話三原則等。關(guān)聯(lián)理論提出的明示推理交際模式和最佳關(guān)聯(lián)原則將語用和認知相結(jié)合，從而探討人類言語行為的經(jīng)濟性。語言學界對言語經(jīng)濟性問題的討論大致經(jīng)歷了從語法、語用到認知這樣一個發(fā)展過程。在該過程中，研究的中心漸從語言形式上的表現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移到言語行為背后的意識活動。
語用策略的研究大致始于20世紀60年代奧斯汀的“邏輯與會話”理論和塞爾的言語行為理論。語言的選擇意味著策略的選擇，策略的使用融匯于人類的語言交際。語用策略的恰當使用對于交際的成功至關(guān)重要。任何一種能夠使人類交際變得更為順暢、交際行為更符合社會規(guī)范、交際意圖更容易實現(xiàn)的語篇策略都可稱為語用策略。在語言使用中，我們經(jīng)常思考的問題之一是如何采用相對最佳的方式表達自己的意思，促成交際意圖的實現(xiàn)。該問題的解決有賴于語用學與修辭學的互補性合作。語言經(jīng)濟性是語用學和修辭學共同關(guān)注的話題。語用經(jīng)濟策略體現(xiàn)了語用策略研究對修辭學的借鑒，可稱之為一種語用修辭策略。
本書吸收和借鑒語言經(jīng)濟性理論、語用策略理論、系統(tǒng)功能語言學理論及意向性理論等最新研究成果的基礎上，依據(jù)科技語篇的規(guī)律和特點，以語篇意義高效形成為出發(fā)點，提出了一個語用經(jīng)濟策略分析框架——語篇意義形成的意圖網(wǎng)絡。交際意圖聚集在語篇空間中，語篇意義的生成離不開語篇使用者的交際意圖。語篇為交際意圖的存在提供了生存空間，而語篇意義的生成過程是交際意圖再現(xiàn)、再生和發(fā)展的過程。對語篇交際意圖的分析就是對語篇的分析。語篇之所以有意義，正是因為在它的表層結(jié)構(gòu)所激活的深層結(jié)構(gòu)中存在一個意圖網(wǎng)絡——意義連續(xù)體。語篇意義形成的意圖網(wǎng)絡以不同層級的交際意圖為主導，以三大元功能語義為三維空間，以評價性語言資源為重要參數(shù)的復雜系統(tǒng)。該網(wǎng)絡提供的是語篇的內(nèi)隱知識，適配和擴展激活是該網(wǎng)絡在語篇建構(gòu)中的運作方式。經(jīng)濟的語篇實質(zhì)就是意圖網(wǎng)絡的有效建構(gòu)，語用經(jīng)濟策略就是指能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)語篇意圖網(wǎng)絡有效建構(gòu)的語用修辭策略。對語用經(jīng)濟策略的分析，實質(zhì)上是對實現(xiàn)語篇意圖網(wǎng)絡有效建構(gòu)資源手段的解構(gòu)和剖析。語用經(jīng)濟策略分為明示策略和隱含策略。這兩大類語用經(jīng)濟策略的綜合運用共同促成科技語篇的優(yōu)化。明示策略主要包括宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)策略、信息調(diào)控策略、主位組織策略和元語用框架策略。隱含策略主要包括語用前提策略、信源轉(zhuǎn)換策略、及物性策略和知識結(jié)構(gòu)策略。
Contents
前言
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Rationale 1
1.2 Methodology and Data for the Research 4
1.2.1 Data Collection 5
1.2.2 Corpus Building 6
1.3 Data Analysis 7
1.3.1 Analysis Instruments 7
1.3.2 Analysis Procedures 8
Chapter 2 Linguistic Economy and Pragmatic Strategy 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Linguistic Economy 11
2.2.1 Origin of Linguistic Economy 11
2.2.2 Syntactic Economy 14
2.2.3 Pragmatic Economy 16
2.3 Pragmatic Strategy 19
2.3.1 Definition of Pragmatic Strategy 19
2.3.2 Classification of Pragmatic Strategies 21
2.4 Integration of Pragmatic Strategy with Linguistic Economy 24
2.5 Summary 26
Chapter 3 Motivation for Implementing Strategies of Pragmatic Economy in RAs 28
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 Intention and Some Similar Words 29
3.2.1 Intention and Intentionality 29
3.2.2 Intention and Goal 31
3.3 Intentional Explanation of Meaning 34
3.3.1 Philosophical Orientation 34
3.3.2 Pragmatic Orientation 37
3.3.3 Discoursive Orientation 40
3.4 Scientific Communication 43
3.4.1 Scientific Discourse Community 43
3.4.2 Scientific Communication as Intentional Interaction 45
3.5 Intention, Meaning and Strategies for Pragmatic Economy 48
3.6 Summary 51
Chapter 4 The Carrier of Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 52
4.1 Introduction 52
4.2 Intentional Network of Discourse Meaning Formation 54
4.2.1 Concept of Intentional Network 54
4.2.2 Intentionality 56
4.2.3 Complexity 61
4.2.4 Three-dimension Dynamics 63
4.2.5 Cognitive Mechanism of Intentional Network 64
4.3 Definition of Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 66
4.4 Summary 69
Chapter 5 Explicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 70
5.1 Introduction 70
5.2 Definition of Explicit Pragmatic Strategies 71
5.3 Pragmatic Macro-structure Strategies 73
5.3.1 Definition of Pragmatic Macro-structure 73
5.3.2 Division of an RA into Sections 75
5.3.3 Length of RAs 79
5.3.4 Pragmatic Macro-structures of RA Sections 81
5.4 Thematic Organization Strategies 92
5.4.1 Thematic Choice 92
5.4.2 Thematic Progression 104
5.5 Information Manipulation Strategies 107
5.6 Meta-pragmatic Framing Strategies 111
5.7 Summary 115
Chapter 6 Implicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 117
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Definition of Implicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy 118
6.3 Pragmatic Presupposition Strategy 119
6.3.1 Pragmatic Presupposition and Pragmatic Strategy 119
6.3.2 Norminalization as Presupposition Trigger 121
6.4 Knowledge Structure Strategy 125
6.4.1 Schemata Strategy 126
6.4.2 Frame Strategy 130
6.5 Transitivity Structure 132
6.6 Shift of Information Attribution 136
6.7 Summary 143
Chapter 7 Integration of Explicit and Implicit Strategies for Pragmatic Economy in RAs 144
7.1 Introduction 144
7.2 Persuasion as Psychological Interaction 144
7.3 Persuasive Effect of Style 146
7.3.1 Persuasion and Style 146
7.3.2 Contextual Constraints on Style 148
7.4 Comprehensive Application of Strategies 153
7.5 Summary 157
Bibliography 158
Appendix 168
List of Tables
Table 5.1 Pragmatic macro-structure of RAs across journals 76
Table 5.2 Examples of unconventional RA section headings 77
Table 5.3 Variability in the number of sections 79
Table 5.4 Absolute length of the sections across journals 79
Table 5.5 Three-move structure for the RA Introduction section (Swales, 1990)82
Table 5.6 Revised CARS model (Swales, 2004) 82
Table 5.7 Frequency of pragmatic macro-structure of the Introduction section in the corpus 84
Table 5.8 Pragmatic macro-structure of the Method section in the corpus 88
Table 5.9 Move structure for RA Results section (Brett, 1994)89
Table 5.10 Pragmatic macro-structure for the Discussion section 90
Table 5.11 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Results and Discussion section in the corpus 91
Table 5.12 Distribution of simple and multiple themes across sections 93
Table 5.13 Percentages and frequent cases of textual themes across sections 94
Table 5.14 Topical marked and unmarked themes across sections 98
Table 5.15 Percentages of contextual marked themes across sections 98
Table 5.16 Percentages of types of subject heads of unmarked themes across sections 100
Table 5.17 Frequency of specialized structures per 1000 words 109
Table 5.18 Metapragmatic markers across sections per 1000 words (% of total)115
Table 6.1 Frequency of norminalization in other-sourced reports per 1000 words 124
Table 6.2 Transitivity structure across sections 134
Table 6.3 Frequency of source types per 1000 words 140
Table 6.4 Frequency of reporting verbs per 1000 words in the self-sourced hidden clauses with a non-human subject 141
Table 6.5 Frequency of source types in other-sourced reports per 1000 words 142
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Direct Action (Leech, 1983) 22
Figure 2.2 Indirect Action (Leech, 1983) 23
Figure 2.3 Complex Indirect Action (Leech, 1983) 24
Figure 3.1 Intentional interaction in scientific communication 46
Figure 3.2 Intention, meaning and strategies for pragmatic economy 50
Figure 4.1 Intentional network of discourse meaning formation in RAs 56
Figure 4.2 The position of sentence connectors in academic English 60
Figure 4.3 Communicative intentions in the model text 60
Figure 4.4 Structural relations of communicative intentions in the model text 61
Figure 5.1 Structure of an experimental scientific article (Renkema, 1993) 75
Figure 5.2 Relative length of each section across journals 80
Figure 5.3 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Theoretical Analysis section 86
Figure 5.4 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Method section in the corpus 88
Figure 5.5 Frequency of the pragmatic macro-structure of the Conclusions section in the corpus 92
Figure 5.6 Progressive cline of writer visibility 103
Figure 6.1 The origin of schemata (Swales, 1990) 127
Figure 6.2 Schemata used in discourse production 129
Figure 6.3 Frame for measurement environment of a device 132
Figure 6.4 Reporting sources 138
Figure 6.5 Frequency of clause types in self-sourced reports per 1000 words 140
Figure 7.1 Comprehensive application of strategies 155
List of Graphs
Graph 5.1 Comparison of the general tendency of each section to appear in RAs across journals 81
Graph 5.2 Dynamics of unmarked themes 103
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