Educational reform is an important part of the transformation of modern Chinese society. After the abolition of the imperial examination in 1905, Chinese education experienced earth-shaking changes. The Republic of China had just been founded; but the reforming spirit of the late Qing Dynasty still remained. The May Fourth New Culture brought new ideas to the country. Chinese education, being built upon the Western model, adhered to Chinese tradition and integrated it into the modern times, combining Chinese and Western cultural and educational ideas. These ideas influenced, tolerated, and transformed each other, creating an era studded with educational stars including: Chen Yinke, Qian Mu, Liang Shuming, Feng Youlan, Qian Zhongshu, Zhu Guangqian, Hu Shi, Lu Xun, Lao She, Lin Yutang, Cao Yu, Ba Jin, Yu Dafu, Mao Dun, Shen Congwen, Zheng Zhenduo, Zhou Zuoren, Liang Shiqiu, Bing Xin, Hu Feng, Liu Yazi, Zhang Henshui, Xiao Hong, Zang Kejia, Ai Qing, Qi Baishi, Xu Beihong, Zhang Daqian, Li Keran, Feng Zikai, Zhang Boling, Luo Jialun, Yan Yangchu, Tao Xingzhi, Huang Yanpei, Mei Yiqi, Ma Yichu, Shen Junru, Mao Yisheng, Zhu Kezhen, Li Siguang, Tong Dizhou, Liang Sicheng, Xu Zhimo, Mei Lanfang, Nie Er, Su Buqing, Xian Xinghai, Ye Shengtao, and Cai Yuanpei. This list is very long and can be further extended. These are educators who we still admire and respect highly. They can be divided into many categories including philosophers, historians, writers, artists and natural scientists.Nevertheless, no matter how they are classified, they all have one thing in common: that is, they were the devotees of education and cultural undertakings of that era. They also have a common attribute: each of them is called a great master of education in the Republic of China.Wisdom is to be gained by learning from the past. Why are our schools always unable to produce outstanding talents? That was a question of the century asked by respected Qian Xuesen, a prominent rocket scientist in China. This question is still relevant for our current education administrators and every member of our society to ponder. It is a question that must be faced directly in Chinas current educational era. It is also a question that the Chinese nation must face in order to achieve its great rejuvenation. Qians question was difficult to answer for leaders who came to visit him. Many education officials and education experts still have not given satisfactory answers. It is not in our reach (or power), nor are we in the position to indulge in high-sounding tirades. This book will focus on the era in which Qian was educated and developed, and explore what education was like at that time. It will also discuss the offcuts (leftover bits and pieces) that historians dismissed, plus comments from the literati and historical anecdotes of the Republic of China.History is always a mystery, and we are just trying to get closer to the answers. When you become close to the answer, the results may not be as you wish. It is just like a lover you have not seen for many years; meeting them is never as good as missing them. In this sense, history may be another castle; a situation where there are two groups of people: those outside the castle who wish to get in, and those inside who cant wait to get out.