Preface xi
A Note to the Student xi
About the Authors xxiii
PART 1 DC Circuits 2
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts 3
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Systems of Units 5
1.3 Charge and Current 6
1.4 Voltage 9
1.5 Power and Energy 10
1.6 Circuit Elements 14
1.7 Applications 16
1.7.1 TV Picture Tube
1.7.2 Electricity Bills
1.8 Problem Solving 19
1.9 Summary 22
Review Questions 23
Problems 24
Comprehensive Problems 26
Chapter 2 Basic Laws 29
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Ohm’s Law 30
2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops 35
2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws 37
2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage Division 43
2.6 Parallel Resistors and Current Division 44
2.7 Wye-Delta Transformations 51
2.8 Applications 57
2.8.1 Lighting Systems
2.8.2 Design of DC Meters
2.9 Summary 63
Review Questions 64
Problems 65
Comprehensive Problems 77
Chapter 3 Methods of Analysis 79
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 Nodal Analysis 80
3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources 86
3.4 Mesh Analysis 91
3.5 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources 96
3.6 Nodal and Mesh Analyses by Inspection 98
3.7 Nodal Versus Mesh Analysis 102
3.8 Circuit Analysis with PSpice 103
3.9 Applications: DC Transistor Circuits 105
3.10 Summary 110
Review Questions 111
Problems 112
Comprehensive Problem 124
Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems 125
4.1 Introduction 126
4.2 Linearity Property 126
4.3 Superposition 129
4.4 Source Transformation 133
4.5 Thevenin’s Theorem 137
4.6 Norton’s Theorem 143
4.7 Derivations of Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 147
4.8 Maximum Power Transfer 148
4.9 Verifying Circuit Theorems with PSpice 150
4.10 Applications 153
4.10.1 Source Modeling
4.10.2 Resistance Measurement
4.11 Summary 158
Review Questions 159
Problems 160
Comprehensive Problems 171
Chapter 5 Operational Amplifiers 173
5.1 Introduction 174
5.2 Operational Amplifiers 174
5.3 Ideal Op Amp 178
5.4 Inverting Amplifier 179
5.5 Noninverting Amplifier 181
5.6 Summing Amplifier 183
5.7 Difference Amplifier 185
5.8 Cascaded Op Amp Circuits 189
5.9 Op Amp Circuit Analysis with PSpice 192
5.10 Applications 194
5.10.1 Digital-to-Analog Converter
5.10.2 Instrumentation Amplifiers
5.11 Summary 197
Review Questions 199
Problems 200
Comprehensive Problems 211
Chapter 6 Capacitors and Inductors 213
6.1 Introduction 214
6.2 Capacitors 214
6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors 220
6.4 Inductors 224
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors 228
6.6 Applications 231
6.6.1 Integrator
6.6.2 Differentiator
6.6.3 Analog Computer
6.7 Summary 238
Review Questions 239
Problems 240
Comprehensive Problems 249
Chapter 7 First-Order Circuits 251
7.1 Introduction 252
7.2 The Source-Free RC Circuit 253
7.3 The Source-Free RL Circuit 257
7.4 Singularity Functions 263
7.5 Step Response of an RC Circuit 271
7.6 Step Response of an RL Circuit 278
7.7 First-Order Op Amp Circuits 282
7.8 Transient Analysis with PSpice 287
7.9 Applications 291
7.9.1 Delay Circuits
7.9.2 Photoflash Unit
7.9.3 Relay Circuits
7.9.4 Automobile Ignition Circuit
7.10 Summary 297
Review Questions 298
Problems 299
Comprehensive Problems 309
Chapter 8 Second-Order Circuits 311
8.1 Introduction 312
8.2 Finding Initial and Final Values 313
8.3 The Source-Free SeriesRLC Circuit 317
8.4 The Source-Free ParallelRLC Circuit 324
8.5 Step Response of a Series RLCCircuit 329
8.6 Step Response of a Parallel RLCCircuit 334
8.7 General Second-Order Circuits 337
8.8 Second-Order Op Amp Circuits 342
8.9 PSpice Analysis of RLC Circuits 344
8.10 Duality 348
8.11 Applications 351
8.11.1 Automobile Ignition System
8.11.2 Smoothing Circuits
8.12 Summary 354
Review Questions 355
Problems 356
Comprehensive Problems 365
PART 2 AC Circuits 366
Chapter 9 Sinusoids and Phasors 367
9.1 Introduction 368
9.2 Sinusoids 369
9.3 Phasors 374
9.4 Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements 383
9.5 Impedance and Admittance 385
9.6 Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain 387
9.7 Impedance Combinations 388
9.8 Applications 394
9.8.1 Phase-Shifters
9.8.2 AC Bridges
9.9 Summary 400
Review Questions 401
Problems 401
Comprehensive Problems 409
Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 411
10.1 Introduction 412
10.2 Nodal Analysis 412
10.3 Mesh Analysis 415
10.4 Superposition Theorem 419
10.5 Source Transformation 422
10.6 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits 424
10.7 Op Amp AC Circuits 429
10.8 AC Analysis Using PSpice 431
10.9 Applications 435
10.9.1 Capacitance Multiplier
10.9.2 Oscillators
10.10 Summary 439
Review Questions 439
Problems 441
Chapter 11 AC Power Analysis 455
11.1 Introduction 456
11.2 Instantaneous and Average Power 456
11.3 Maximum Average Power Transfer 462
11.4 Effective or RMS Value 465
11.5 Apparent Power and Power Factor 468
11.6 Complex Power 471
11.7 Conservation of AC Power 475
11.8 Power Factor Correction 479
11.9 Applications 481
11.9.1 Power Measurement
11.9.2 Electricity Consumption Cost
11.10 Summary 486
Review Questions 488
Problems 488
Comprehensive Problems 498
Chapter 12 Three-Phase Circuits 501
12.1 Introduction 502
12.2 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages 503
12.3 Balanced Wye-Wye Connection 507
12.4 Balanced Wye-Delta Connection 510
12.5 Balanced Delta-Delta Connection 512
12.6 Balanced Delta-Wye Connection 514
12.7 Power in a Balanced System 517
12.8 Unbalanced Three-Phase Systems 523
12.9 PSpice for Three-Phase Circuits 527
12.10 Applications 532
12.10.1 Three-Phase Power Measurement
12.10.2 Residential Wiring
12.11 Summary 541
Review Questions 541
Problems 542
Comprehensive Problems 551
Chapter 13 Magnetically Coupled Circuits 553
13.1 Introduction 554
13.2 Mutual Inductance 555
13.3 Energy in a Coupled Circuit 562
13.4 Linear Transformers 565
13.5 Ideal Transformers 571
13.6 Ideal Autotransformers 579
13.7 Three-Phase Transformers 582
13.8 PSpice Analysis of Magnetically Coupled Circuits 584
13.9 Applications 589
13.9.1 Transformer as an Isolation Device
13.9.2 Transformer as a Matching Device
13.9.3 Power Distribution
13.10 Summary 595
Review Questions 596
Problems 597
Comprehensive Problems 609
Chapter 14 Frequency Response 611
14.1 Introduction 612
14.2 Transfer Function 612
14.3 The Decibel Scale 615
14.4 Bode Plots 617
14.5 Series Resonance 627
14.6 Parallel Resonance 632
14.7 Passive Filters 635
14.7.1 Low-Pass Filter
14.7.2 High-Pass Filter
14.7.3 Band-Pass Filter
14.7.4 Band-Stop Filter
14.8 Active Filters 640
14.8.1 First-Order Low-Pass Filter
14.8.2 First-Order High-Pass Filter
14.8.3 Band-Pass Filter
14.8.4 Band-Reject (or Notch) Filter
14.9 Scaling 646
14.9.1 Magnitude Scaling
14.9.2 Frequency Scaling
14.9.3 Magnitude and Frequency Scaling
14.10 Frequency Response Using PSpice 650
14.11 Computation Using MATLAB 653
14.12 Applications 655
14.12.1 Radio Receiver
14.12.2 Touch-Tone Telephone
14.12.3 Crossover Network
14.13 Summary 661
Review Questions 662
Problems 663
Comprehensive Problems 671
PART 3 Advanced Circuit Analysis 672
Chapter 15 Introduction to the Laplace Transform 673
15.1 Introduction 674
15.2 Definition of the Laplace Transform 675
15.3 Properties of the Laplace Transform 677
15.4 The Inverse Laplace Transform 688
15.4.1 Simple Poles
15.4.2 Repeated Poles
15.4.3 Complex Poles
15.5 The Convolution Integral 695
15.6 Application to Integrodifferential Equations 703
15.7 Summary 706
Review Questions 706
Problems 707
Chapter 16 Applications of the Laplace Transform 713
16.1 Introduction 714
16.2 Circuit Element Models 715
16.3 Circuit Analysis 720
16.4 Transfer Functions 724
16.5 State Variables 728
16.6 Applications 735
16.6.1 Network Stability
16.6.2 Network Synthesis
16.7 Summary 743
Review Questions 744
Problems 745
Comprehensive Problems 756
Chapter 17 The Fourier Series 757
17.1 Introduction 758
17.2 Trigonometric Fourier Series 759
17.3 Symmetry Considerations 766
17.3.1 Even Symmetry
17.3.2 Odd Symmetry
17.3.3 Half-Wave Symmetry
17.4 Circuit Applications 776
17.5 Average Power and RMS Values 780
17.6 Exponential Fourier Series 783
17.7 Fourier Analysis with PSpice 789
17.7.1 Discrete Fourier Transform
17.7.2 Fast Fourier Transform
17.8 Applications 795
17.8.1 Spectrum Analyzers
17.8.2 Filters
17.9 Summary 798
Review Questions 800
Problems 800
Comprehensive Problems 809
Chapter 18 Fourier Transform 811
18.1 Introduction 812
18.2 Definition of the Fourier Transform 812
18.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform 818
18.4 Circuit Applications 831
18.5 Parseval’s Theorem 834
18.6 Comparing the Fourier and Laplace Transforms 837
18.7 Applications 838
18.7.1 Amplitude Modulation
18.7.2 Sampling
18.8 Summary 841
Review Questions 842
Problems 843
Comprehensive Problems 849
Chapter 19 Two-Port Networks 851
19.1 Introduction 852
19.2 Impedance Parameters 853
19.3 Admittance Parameters 857
19.4 Hybrid Parameters 860
19.5 Transmission Parameters 865
19.6 Relationships Between Parameters 870
19.7 Interconnection of Networks 873
19.8 Computing Two-Port Parameters Using PSpice 879
19.9 Applications 882
19.9.1 Transistor Circuits
19.9.2 Ladder Network Synthesis
19.10 Summary 891
Review Questions 892
Problems 892
Comprehensive Problem 903
Appendix A Simultaneous Equations and Matrix Inversion A
Appendix B Complex Numbers A-9
Appendix C Mathematical Formulas A-16
Appendix D Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-21
Selected Bibliography B-1
Index I-1