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物種起源（英文版） 
定 價(jià)：68 元
9 7 7 8 2 7 1 5 4 1 0 1 2  《物種起源》全名《論依據(jù)自然選擇即在生存斗爭(zhēng)中保存優(yōu)良族的物種起源》（On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life），是英國生物學(xué)家查爾斯·達(dá)爾文系統(tǒng)闡述生物進(jìn)化理論基礎(chǔ)的生物學(xué)著作，1859年11月24日在倫敦出版。 查爾斯·羅伯特·達(dá)爾文（Charles?Robert?Darwin，1809年2月12日1882年4月19日）?[1]jQuery18303798442811239511_1618900283570，英國生物學(xué)家，進(jìn)化論的奠基人。曾經(jīng)乘坐貝格爾號(hào)艦作了歷時(shí)5年的環(huán)球航行，對(duì)動(dòng)植物和地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)等進(jìn)行了大量的觀察和采集。出版《物種起源》，提出了生物進(jìn)化論學(xué)說，從而摧毀了各種唯心的神造論以及物種不變論。除了生物學(xué)外，他的理論對(duì)人類學(xué)、心理學(xué)、哲學(xué)的發(fā)展都有不容忽視的影響。恩格斯將進(jìn)化論列為19世紀(jì)自然科學(xué)的三大發(fā)現(xiàn)之一（其他兩個(gè)是細(xì)胞學(xué)說、能量守恒轉(zhuǎn)化定律），對(duì)人類有杰出的貢獻(xiàn)。 Table of Contents PREFACE .............................................................................................. 001 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 015 CHAPTER I VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION ........................................... 021 CAUSES OF VARIABILITY...............................................................022 EFFECTS OF HABIT AND OF THE USE OR DISUSE OF PARTS; CORRELATED VARIATION; INHERITANCE .......027 CHARACTER OF DOMESTIC VARIETIES; DIFFICULTY OF DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN VARIETIES AND SPECIES; ORIGIN OF DOMESTIC VARIETIES FROM ONE OR MORE SPECIES...............................................................032 BREEDS OF THE DOMESTIC PIGEON, THEIR DIFFERENCES AND ORIGIN .....................................................037 PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION ANCIENTLY FOLLOWED, AND THEIR EFFECTS .................................................................. 046 UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION.......................................................... 051
CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE TO MANS POWER OF SELECTION ......................................................................................058 CHAPTER II VARIATION UNDER NATURE ............................................................ 063 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES ........................................................ 065 DOUBTFUL SPECIES......................................................................... 068 WIDE-RANGING, MUCH DIFFUSED, AND COMMON SPECIES VARY MOST....................................................................077 SPECIES OF THE LARGER GENERA IN EACH COUNTRY VARY MORE FREQUENTLY THAN THE SPECIES OF THE SMALLER GENERA ............................................................. 079 MANY OF THE SPECIES INCLUDED WITHIN THE LARGER GENERA RESEMBLE VARIETIES IN BEING VERY CLOSELY, BUT UNEQUALLY, RELATED TO EACH OTHER, AND IN HAVING RESTRICTED RANGES ..............................................082 SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 084 CHAPTER III STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE ...................................................... 087 THE TERM, STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE, USED IN A LARGE SENSE........................................................................090 GEOMETRICAL RATIO OF INCREASE.......................................091 NATURE OF THE CHECKS TO INCREASE .............................. 095
COMPLEX RELATIONS OF ALL ANIMALS AND PLANTS TO EACH OTHER IN THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE ...... 099 STRUGGLE FOR LIFE MOST SEVERE BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND VARIETIES OF THE SAME SPECIES .... 104 CHAPTER IV NATURAL SELECTION; OR THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST .......... 109 SEXUAL SELECTION ........................................................................ 119 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE ACTION OF NATURAL SELECTION, OR THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST ...........122 ON THE INTERCROSSING OF INDIVIDUALS ........................ 131 CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NEW FORMS THROUGH NATURAL SELECTION .......137 EXTINCTION CAUSED BY NATURAL SELECTION .............. 145 DIVERGENCE OF CHARACTER ................................................... 147 THE PROBABLE EFFECTS OF THE ACTION OF NATURAL SELECTION THROUGH DIVERGENCE OF CHARACTER AND EXTINCTION, ON THE DESCENDANTS OF A COMMON ANCESTOR...................................................................152 ON THE DEGREE TO WHICH ORGANISATION TENDS TO ADVANCE ................................................................................. 163 CONVERGENCE OF CHARACTER............................................... 168 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER .................................................................171
CHAPTER V LAWS OF VARIATION ................. 175 EFFECTS OF THE INCREASED USE AND DISUSE OF PARTS, AS CONTROLLED BY NATURAL SELECTION .................... 178 ACCLIMATISATION ........................................................................ 184 CORRELATED VARIATION .......................................................... 188 COMPENSATION AND ECONOMY OF GROWTH ................ 192 MULTIPLE, RUDIMENTARY, AND LOWLY-ORGANISED STRUCTURES ARE VARIABLE ..................................................194 A PART DEVELOPED IN ANY SPECIES IN AN EXTRAORDINARY DEGREE OR MANNER, IN COMPARISON WITH THE SAME PART IN ALLIED SPECIES, TENDS TO BE HIGHLY VARIABLE ....................... 195 SPECIFIC CHARACTERS MORE VARIABLE THAN GENERIC CHARACTERS .................................................................................199 SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS VARIABLE .................201 DISTINCT SPECIES PRESENT ANALOGOUS VARIATIONS, SO THAT A VARIETY OF ONE SPECIES OFTEN ASSUMES A CHARACTER PROPER TO AN ALLIED SPECIES, OR REVERTS TO SOME OF THE CHARACTERS OF AN EARLY PROGENITOR ................................................................................ 204 SUMMARY .............................................................................................213
CHAPTER VI DIFFICULTIES OF THE THEORY .............................................................217 ON THE ABSENCE OR RARITY OF TRANSITIONAL VARIETIES ........................................................................................ 219 ON THE ORIGIN AND TRANSITION OF ORGANIC BEINGS WITH PECULIAR HABITS AND STRUCTURE .....................226 ORGANS OF EXTREME PERFECTION AND COMPLICATION ............................................................................233 MODES Of TRANSITION ............................................................... 238 SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES OF THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION ...................................................................................... 243 ORGANS OF LITTLE APPARENT IMPORTANCE, AS AFFECTED BY NATURAL SELECTION ...................................253 UTILITARIAN DOCTRINE, HOW FAR TRUE: BEAUTY, HOW ACQUIRED .......................................................................... 258 SUMMARY: THE LAW OF UNITY OF TYPE AND OF THE CONDITIONS OF EXISTENCE EMBRACED BY THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION ...................................... 265 CHAPTER VII MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTIONS TO THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION ...271 CHAPTER VIII INSTINCT.................................325 INHERITED CHANGES OF HABIT OR INSTINCT IN DOMESTICATED ANIMALS .......................................................331
SPECIAL INSTINCTS ........................................................................ 336 INSTINCTS OF THE CUCKOO ...................................................... 336 SLAVE-MAKING INSTINCT .......................................................... 342 CELL-MAKING INSTINCT OF THE HIVE-BEE ........................348 OBJECTIONS TO THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION AS APPLIED TO INSTINCTS: NEUTER AND STERILE INSECTS ............................................................... 359 SUMMARY ............................................................................................ 368 CHAPTER IX HYBRIDISM ............................... 371 DEGREES OF STERILITY .................................................................373 LAWS GOVERNING THE STERILITY OF FIRST CROSSES AND OF HYBRIDS ..........................................................................381 ORIGIN AND CAUSES OF THE STERILITY OF FIRST CROSSES AND OF HYBRIDS ...................................................... 389 RECIPROCAL DIMORPHISM AND TRIMORPHISM ............. 397 FERTILITY OF VARIETIES WHEN CROSSED, AND OF THEIR MONGREL OFFSPRING, NOT UNIVERSAL ......................... 402 HYBRIDS AND MONGRELS COMPARED, INDEPENDENTLY OF THEIR FERTILITY........................... 407 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER ................................................................ 412
CHAPTER X ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD ..................................415 ON THE LAPSE OF TIME, AS INFERRED FROM THE RATE OF DEPOSITION AND EXTENT OF DENUDATION..........419 ON THE POORNESS OF PALAEONTOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS ............................................................................... 425 ON THE ABSENCE OF NUMEROUS INTERMEDIATE VARIETIES IN ANY SINGLE FORMATION .......................... 432 ON THE SUDDEN APPEARANCE OF WHOLE GROUPS OF ALLIED SPECIES .............................................................................443 ON THE SUDDEN APPEARANCE OF GROUPS OF ALLIED SPECIES IN THE LOWEST KNOWN FOSSILIFEROUS STRATA ............................................................................................ 448 CHAPTER XI ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS ............455 ON EXTINCTION ..............................................................................461 ON THE FORMS OF LIFE CHANGING ALMOST SIMULTANEOUSLY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD ..........467 ON THE AFFINITIES OF EXTINCT SPECIES TO EACH OTHER, AND TO LIVING FORMS ........................................... 473 ON THE STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF ANCIENT COMPARED WITH LIVING FORMS ....................................... 481
ON THE SUCCESSION OF THE SAME TYPES WITHIN THE SAME AREAS, DURING THE LATER TERTIARY PERIODS .......................................................................................... 486 SUMMARY OF THE PRECEDING AND PRESENT CHAPTERS ....................................................................................... 489 CHAPTER XII GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION ............................................... 495 SINGLE CENTRES OF SUPPOSED CREATION ........................502 MEANS OF DISPERSAL ................................................................... 506 DISPERSAL DURING THE GLACIAL PERIOD ......................... 516 ALTERNATE GLACIAL PERIODS IN THE NORTH AND SOUTH ............................................................................................... 524 CHAPTER XIII GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTIONCONTINUED ....................537 FRESH-WATER PRODUCTIONS ................................................... 538 ON THE INHABITANTS OF OCEANIC ISLANDS ................... 543 ABSENCE OF BATRACHIANS AND TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS ON OCEANIC ISLANDS ........................................548 ON THE RELATIONS OF THE INHABITANTS OF ISLANDS TO THOSE OF THE NEAREST MAINLAND ...........................553 SUMMARY OF THE LAST AND PRESENT CHAPTERS .......... 562
CHAPTER XIV MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY EMBRYOLOGYRUDIMENTARY ORGANS ... 567 CLASSIFICATION ..............................................................................568 ANALOGICAL RESEMBLANCES ................................................... 583 ON THE NATURE OF THE AFFINITIES CONNECTING ORGANIC BEINGS ....................................................................... 590 MORPHOLOGY .................................................................................. 595 DEVELOPMENT AND EMBRYOLOGY ..................................... 602 RUDIMENTARY, ATROPHIED, AND ABORTED ORGANS ............................................................................................ 617 SUMMARY ............................................................................................626 CHAPTER XV RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION................................................... 629 APPENDIX GLOSSARY OF THE PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME ........................................................... 667
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