第1 章　C 語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)介紹

1.1　永不過時(shí)的C 語言 ............................................................................................1

1.1.1　品味C 語言這一壇老酒 ....................................................................................1

1.1.2　C 語言的發(fā)展史 .................................................................................................2

1.1.3　學(xué)習(xí)C 語言還有用嗎 ........................................................................................2

1.2　認(rèn)識(shí)第一段C 語言程序 ....................................................................................3

1.2.1　編寫第一段C 語言程序 ....................................................................................3

實(shí)例1-1：第一段C 語言程序（定義變量并進(jìn)行算數(shù)操作） ................................................. 3

1.2.2　分析C 語言程序的具體組成 ............................................................................4

1.3　如何學(xué)好C 語言 ................................................................................................6

第2 章　安裝C 語言開發(fā)工具

2.1　一步到位的Visual Studio ..................................................................................7

2.1.1　安裝Visual Studio 2017 .....................................................................................7

2.1.2　使用Visual Studio 2017 .....................................................................................9

實(shí)例2-1：使用Visual Studio 2017 運(yùn)行一個(gè)C 程序 ................................................................ 9

2.2　使用DEV C 開發(fā)C 語言程序 ...................................................................12

2.2.1　安裝DEV C ..................................................................................................12

2.2.2　使用DEV C 運(yùn)行一個(gè)C 語言程序 ............................................................14

2.3　使用Turbo C 3.0 開發(fā)C 語言程序 ................................................................14

2.3.1　安裝Turbo C 3.0 ...............................................................................................14

2.3.2　使用Turbo C 3.0 ...............................................................................................15

第3 章　C 語言語法基礎(chǔ)

3.1　標(biāo)識(shí)符和關(guān)鍵字 ..............................................................................................16

3.1.1　標(biāo)識(shí)符 ...............................................................................................................16

3.1.2　關(guān)鍵字 ...............................................................................................................17

3.2　數(shù)據(jù)類型 ..........................................................................................................19

3.3　常量和變量 ......................................................................................................20

3.3.1　常量 ...................................................................................................................20

3.3.2　變量 ...................................................................................................................21

實(shí)例3-1：計(jì)算圓的周長和面積 ............................................................................................... 23

3.4　整型數(shù)據(jù) ..........................................................................................................24

3.4.1　整型常量 ...........................................................................................................24

3.4.2　整型變量 ...........................................................................................................26

實(shí)例3-2：計(jì)算兩個(gè)整型變量的和 ........................................................................................... 27

3.5　實(shí)型數(shù)據(jù)類型 ..................................................................................................28

3.5.1　實(shí)型常量 ...........................................................................................................28

3.5.2　實(shí)型變量 ...........................................................................................................29

實(shí)例3-3：對一個(gè)很大的數(shù)和一個(gè)很小的數(shù)進(jìn)行加法運(yùn)算 ................................................... 29

3.6　字符型數(shù)據(jù) ......................................................................................................30

3.6.1　字符常量詳解 ...................................................................................................30

實(shí)例3-4：通過轉(zhuǎn)義字符輸出指定的文本字符 ....................................................................... 31

3.6.2　字符串常量 .......................................................................................................32

實(shí)例3-5：我最喜歡的偶像是歐陽娜娜 ................................................................................... 32

3.6.3　字符變量 ...........................................................................................................33

實(shí)例3-6：將字符變量和整型變量進(jìn)行相互賦值 ................................................................... 33

3.7　整型、實(shí)型和字符型數(shù)據(jù)之間的運(yùn)算 ..........................................................34

3.7.1　強(qiáng)制轉(zhuǎn)換 ...........................................................................................................34

實(shí)例3-7：將int 類型強(qiáng)制轉(zhuǎn)換為double 類型 ........................................................................ 35

3.7.2　自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換 ...........................................................................................................35

實(shí)例3-8：計(jì)算圓的大概面積和精確面積 ............................................................................... 36

第4 章　運(yùn)算符和表達(dá)式

4.1　運(yùn)算符和表達(dá)式介紹 ......................................................................................37

4.2　算術(shù)運(yùn)算符和算術(shù)表達(dá)式 ..............................................................................38

4.2.1　算術(shù)運(yùn)算符的分類 ...........................................................................................38

4.2.2　單目運(yùn)算符 .......................................................................................................39

實(shí)例4-1：使用單目運(yùn)算符實(shí)現(xiàn)基本的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算 ................................................................... 39

4.2.3　雙目運(yùn)算符 .......................................................................................................39

實(shí)例4-2：獲取任意小于1000 的正整數(shù)的個(gè)位、十位、百位和千位的數(shù)字 ..................... 40

4.3　賦值運(yùn)算符和賦值表達(dá)式 ..............................................................................40

4.3.1　基本的賦值運(yùn)算符 ...........................................................................................41

4.3.2　復(fù)合賦值運(yùn)算符 ...............................................................................................43

4.3.3　賦值表達(dá)式 .......................................................................................................43

實(shí)例4-3：實(shí)現(xiàn)基本的賦值表達(dá)式運(yùn)算處理 ........................................................................... 43

4.4　關(guān)系運(yùn)算符和關(guān)系表達(dá)式 ..............................................................................44

4.4.1　關(guān)系運(yùn)算符 .......................................................................................................44

4.4.2　關(guān)系表達(dá)式 .......................................................................................................44

實(shí)例4-4：比較體重 ................................................................................................................... 45

4.5　逗號運(yùn)算符和逗號表達(dá)式 ..............................................................................46

4.5.1　逗號運(yùn)算符 .......................................................................................................46

4.5.2　逗號表達(dá)式 .......................................................................................................46

實(shí)例4-5：使用逗號運(yùn)算符實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算 ............................................................................... 47

4.6　邏輯運(yùn)算符和邏輯表達(dá)式 ..............................................................................48

4.6.1　邏輯運(yùn)算符 .......................................................................................................48

4.6.2　邏輯表達(dá)式 .......................................................................................................49

實(shí)例4-6：對變量進(jìn)行邏輯運(yùn)算處理，并輸出運(yùn)算后的結(jié)果 ............................................... 49

4.7　求字節(jié)數(shù)運(yùn)算符sizeof ....................................................................................50

實(shí)例4-7：使用sizeof 運(yùn)算符計(jì)算不同類型數(shù)據(jù)的字節(jié)大小 ................................................ 51

4.8　運(yùn)算符的優(yōu)先級 ..............................................................................................52

第5 章　數(shù)據(jù)的輸入和輸出

5.1　語句介紹 ..........................................................................................................54

5.1.1　C 語句簡介 .......................................................................................................54

5.1.2　賦值語句 ...........................................................................................................56

5.2　C 語言內(nèi)置的數(shù)據(jù)輸入和輸出函數(shù) ...............................................................57

5.2.1　使用字符輸出函數(shù)putchar ..............................................................................58

實(shí)例5-1：使用函數(shù)putchar 輸出指定的字符 ......................................................................... 58

5.2.2　使用字符輸入函數(shù)getchar .............................................................................59

實(shí)例5-2：使用getchar 函數(shù)獲取在鍵盤中輸入的內(nèi)容.......................................................... 60

5.2.3　使用格式輸出函數(shù)printf .................................................................................60

實(shí)例5-3：使用printf 函數(shù)輸出不同格式變量a 和b 的數(shù)據(jù) ................................................ 61

實(shí)例5-4：使用printf 格式字符輸出指定格式的數(shù)據(jù) ............................................................ 62

5.2.4　使用格式輸入函數(shù)scanf ..................................................................................64

實(shí)例5-5：輸出顯示用戶輸入字符的ASCII 碼和對應(yīng)的大寫字母 ....................................... 66

5.2.5　使用字符串輸出函數(shù)puts ...............................................................................67

實(shí)例5-6：使用函數(shù)puts 輸出指定的字符串 ........................................................................... 67

5.2.6　使用字符串輸入函數(shù)gets ................................................................................68

實(shí)例5-7：輸出顯示用戶的姓名和身高信息 ........................................................................... 68

第6 章　使用流程控制語句

6.1　順序結(jié)構(gòu) ..........................................................................................................69

實(shí)例6-1：計(jì)算三角形的面積 ................................................................................................... 70

6.2　選擇結(jié)構(gòu) ..........................................................................................................70

6.2.1　單分支結(jié)構(gòu)語句 ...............................................................................................71

實(shí)例6-2：從大到小排列3 個(gè)數(shù)字 ........................................................................................... 71

6.2.2　雙分支結(jié)構(gòu)語句 ...............................................................................................72

實(shí)例6-3：判斷用戶輸入內(nèi)容的格式 ....................................................................................... 72

實(shí)例6-4：判斷變量a 和b 的值是多少 ................................................................................... 74

6.2.3　使用多分支結(jié)構(gòu)語句 .......................................................................................75

實(shí)例6-5：提示用戶輸入數(shù)字，然后將用戶輸入的數(shù)字輸出。 ........................................... 77

6.2.4　條件運(yùn)算符和條件表達(dá)式 ...............................................................................77

實(shí)例6-6：比較兩個(gè)數(shù)字的大小并輸出最大數(shù) ....................................................................... 79

6.3　循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu) ..........................................................................................................79

6.3.1　使用for 語句 ....................................................................................................79

實(shí)例6-7：計(jì)算某個(gè)整數(shù)的階乘 ............................................................................................... 80

6.3.2　使用while 循環(huán)語句 ........................................................................................81

實(shí)例6-8：依次輸出1*1、1*2…到1*20 的積 ........................................................................ 82

6.3.3　使用do-while 語句 ...........................................................................................83

實(shí)例6-9：猜數(shù)游戲 ................................................................................................................... 84

6.3.4　正確對待goto 語句 ..........................................................................................84

實(shí)例6-10：統(tǒng)計(jì)從鍵盤輸入一行字符的個(gè)數(shù) ......................................................................... 85

6.3.5　使用break 語句 ................................................................................................85

實(shí)例6-11：計(jì)算圓的面積 ......................................................................................................... 86

6.3.6　使用continue 語句 ...........................................................................................86

實(shí)例6-12：輸出顯示100 到200 之間的不能被3 整除的整數(shù) ............................................. 87

6.3.7　死循環(huán)/ 退出程序 ............................................................................................87

第7 章　數(shù)組存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)

7.1　使用一維數(shù)組 ..................................................................................................89

7.1.1　定義一維數(shù)組 ...................................................................................................89

7.1.2　引用即使用 .......................................................................................................90

實(shí)例7-1：輸出數(shù)組內(nèi)的各個(gè)元素值 ....................................................................................... 91

7.1.3　數(shù)組需要初始化 ...............................................................................................91

實(shí)例7-2：實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)由小到大排列的冒泡程序 ....................................................................... 92

7.2　多維數(shù)組 ..........................................................................................................93

7.2.1　二維數(shù)組 ...........................................................................................................93

實(shí)例7-3：輸出顯示10 行楊輝三角 ......................................................................................... 95

7.2.2　使用多維數(shù)組 ...................................................................................................96

實(shí)例7-4：獲取成績最高分的球員編號 ................................................................................... 98

7.3　使用字符數(shù)組與字符串 ..................................................................................99

7.3.1　侃侃字符數(shù)組 ...................................................................................................99

7.3.2　字符串與字符數(shù)組 .........................................................................................100

7.3.3　字符數(shù)組的輸入輸出 .....................................................................................101

實(shí)例7-5：比較兩個(gè)字符串的大小 ......................................................................................... 102

7.4　使用字符處理函數(shù)和字符串處理函數(shù) ........................................................103

7.4.1　使用測試字符串長度函數(shù)strlen ...................................................................103

實(shí)例7-6：使用函數(shù)strlen 輸出程序中數(shù)組字符串的長度 .................................................. 103

7.4.2　使用字符串大小寫轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù)strupr 和strlwr ...............................................103

實(shí)例7-7：分別輸出輸入字符串的小寫形式和大寫形式 ..................................................... 103

7.4.3　使用字符串復(fù)制函數(shù)strcpy 和strncpy ........................................................104

實(shí)例7-8：復(fù)制用戶輸入的字符串 ......................................................................................... 104

7.4.4　使用字符串比較函數(shù)strcmp 和strncmp ......................................................105

實(shí)例7-9：比較用戶輸入的字符串 ......................................................................................... 106

7.4.5　使用字符串連接函數(shù)strcat 和strncat ...........................................................106

實(shí)例7-10：連接用戶輸入的字符串 ....................................................................................... 107

7.4.6　將字符串轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)值的函數(shù) .........................................................................108

實(shí)例7-11：將用戶輸入的字符串轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)值類型的值 ....................................................... 108

7.4.7　使用字符檢測函數(shù) .........................................................................................109

實(shí)例7-12：判斷字符串中各字符所占用的個(gè)數(shù) ................................................................... 109

7.4.8　使用字符大小寫轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù)tolower 和toupper ..............................................110

實(shí)例7-13：將字符串分別輸出轉(zhuǎn)換為大寫形式和小寫形式 ................................................111

第8 章　函數(shù)

8.1　函數(shù)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)介紹 ........................................................................................ 112

8.1.1　函數(shù)的分類 .....................................................................................................112

8.1.2　函數(shù)的定義 .....................................................................................................114

實(shí)例8-1：比較兩個(gè)數(shù)字的大小 ..............................................................................................114

8.2　函數(shù)聲明和函數(shù)原型 .................................................................................... 115

8.2.1　函數(shù)聲明 .........................................................................................................115

實(shí)例8-2：求s=(1 2 3 … n)/(1 2 3 … m) 的值 ...............................................................116

8.2.2　函數(shù)原型 .........................................................................................................117

8.3　函數(shù)的參數(shù) .................................................................................................... 117

8.3.1　形參和實(shí)參詳解 .............................................................................................117

實(shí)例8-3：計(jì)算從1 到某個(gè)數(shù)字值的和 ..................................................................................118

8.3.2　將數(shù)組作為函數(shù)參數(shù) .....................................................................................118

實(shí)例8-4：判斷一個(gè)整數(shù)是否大于0 .......................................................................................119

實(shí)例8-5：互換二維數(shù)組中行和列的元素 ............................................................................. 120

8.4　函數(shù)的返回值 ................................................................................................120

實(shí)例8-6：計(jì)算兩個(gè)整數(shù)3 和4 的和 ..................................................................................... 121

8.5　實(shí)現(xiàn)函數(shù)的調(diào)用 ............................................................................................122

8.5.1　調(diào)用函數(shù)的格式 .............................................................................................122

實(shí)例8-7：比較3 個(gè)數(shù)字的大小 ............................................................................................. 122

8.5.2　函數(shù)調(diào)用的方式 .............................................................................................123

實(shí)例8-8：計(jì)算最大公約數(shù)和最小公倍數(shù) ............................................................................. 123

8.6　函數(shù)的嵌套調(diào)用和遞歸調(diào)用 ........................................................................124

8.6.1　函數(shù)嵌套調(diào)用詳解 .........................................................................................124

實(shí)例8-9：輸出字符串中最長的單詞 ..................................................................................... 125

8.6.2　函數(shù)遞歸調(diào)用 .................................................................................................126

實(shí)例8-10：實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)學(xué)中Hanoi 塔問題的解決方案................................................................ 127

8.7　變量的作用域 ................................................................................................129

8.7.1　局部變量作用域 .............................................................................................129

實(shí)例8-11：計(jì)算長方體的體積和三個(gè)面的面積 ................................................................... 129

8.7.2　全局變量作用域 .............................................................................................130

實(shí)例8-12：超市價(jià)格調(diào)整 ....................................................................................................... 130

8.8　靜態(tài)存儲(chǔ)變量和動(dòng)態(tài)存儲(chǔ)變量 ....................................................................131

8.8.1　靜態(tài)存儲(chǔ)和動(dòng)態(tài)存儲(chǔ)的區(qū)別 .........................................................................132

8.8.2　四種變量存儲(chǔ)類型 .........................................................................................132

8.8.3　自動(dòng)變量 .........................................................................................................132

8.8.4　外部變量 .........................................................................................................133

實(shí)例8-13：在函數(shù)間通過外部函數(shù)直接傳遞數(shù)據(jù) ............................................................... 134

8.8.5　靜態(tài)變量 .........................................................................................................134

實(shí)例8-14：使用靜態(tài)變量設(shè)置初始值 ................................................................................... 136

8.8.6　寄存器變量 .....................................................................................................136

實(shí)例8-15：使用register 變量提升效率 ................................................................................. 136

8.9　內(nèi)部函數(shù)和外部函數(shù) ....................................................................................137

8.9.1　內(nèi)部函數(shù)詳解 .................................................................................................137

實(shí)例8-16：在不同的文件內(nèi)使用同一個(gè)名稱的函數(shù) ........................................................... 138

8.9.2　使用外部函數(shù) .................................................................................................138

實(shí)例8-17：在一個(gè)文件內(nèi)調(diào)用另一個(gè)外部函數(shù) ................................................................... 138

8.10　庫函數(shù) ..........................................................................................................139

8.10.1　庫函數(shù)介紹 ...................................................................................................139

8.10.2　庫函數(shù)的分類 ...............................................................................................139

第9 章　使用指針

9.1　指針和內(nèi)存地址 ............................................................................................141

9.2　變量的指針和指向變量的指針變量 ............................................................142

9.2.1　聲明指針變量 .................................................................................................142

9.2.2　初始化指針變量 .............................................................................................143

9.2.3　引用指針變量 .................................................................................................144

實(shí)例9-1：將兩個(gè)指針變量分別指向兩個(gè)變量 ..................................................................... 145

9.2.4　指針運(yùn)算符 .....................................................................................................145

實(shí)例9-2：對輸入的數(shù)字進(jìn)行排序處理 ................................................................................. 146

9.2.5　指針變量的運(yùn)算 .............................................................................................147

實(shí)例9-3：順序顯示數(shù)組內(nèi)的元素并分別逆向輸出 ............................................................. 148

9.2.6　指針變量作為函數(shù)參數(shù) .................................................................................148

實(shí)例9-4：按照從小到大的順序排序輸出三個(gè)整數(shù) ............................................................. 150

9.2.7　void 類型的指針 .............................................................................................151

實(shí)例9-5：定義4 個(gè)類型的變量，然后分別輸出轉(zhuǎn)換后的結(jié)果 ......................................... 151

9.3　指針和數(shù)組 ....................................................................................................152

9.3.1　數(shù)組元素的指針 .............................................................................................153

9.3.2　指向一維數(shù)組元素的指針變量 .....................................................................154

9.3.3　通過指針引用數(shù)組元素 .................................................................................155

實(shí)例9-6：分別通過指向數(shù)組的指針引用數(shù)組、利用數(shù)組名和下標(biāo)引用數(shù)組 ................. 156

9.3.4　數(shù)組名作函數(shù)參數(shù) .........................................................................................158

實(shí)例9-7：將數(shù)組中的元素按相反順序存放 ......................................................................... 158

實(shí)例9-8：輸出數(shù)組元素中的最大值和最小值 ..................................................................... 159

9.4　指針和多維數(shù)組 ............................................................................................160

9.4.1　多維數(shù)組的地址 .............................................................................................160

實(shí)例9-9：輸出顯示二維數(shù)組元素的地址 ............................................................................. 162

9.4.2　指向多維數(shù)組的指針變量 .............................................................................162

實(shí)例9-10：2*3 或3*4 矩陣相乘運(yùn)算 .................................................................................... 164

9.5　指針和字符串 ................................................................................................165

9.5.1　指針訪問字符串 .............................................................................................165

實(shí)例9-11：把一個(gè)字符串的內(nèi)容復(fù)制到另一個(gè)字符串中 ................................................... 166

9.5.2　字符串指針作函數(shù)參數(shù) .................................................................................167

實(shí)例9-12：使用函數(shù)調(diào)用復(fù)制字符串的內(nèi)容 ....................................................................... 167

9.6　指針數(shù)組和多級指針 ....................................................................................168

9.6.1　指針數(shù)組 .........................................................................................................168

9.6.2　多級指針的定義和應(yīng)用 .................................................................................169

實(shí)例9-13：對5 個(gè)字符串進(jìn)行排序 ....................................................................................... 170

9.6.3　指向指針的指針 .............................................................................................171

9.6.4　main 函數(shù)的參數(shù) ............................................................................................171

實(shí)例9-14：使用帶參數(shù)的main 函數(shù)輸出指針數(shù)組參數(shù)的值 ............................................. 172

9.7　指針函數(shù)和函數(shù)指針 ....................................................................................173

9.7.1　指針函數(shù) .........................................................................................................173

9.7.2　函數(shù)指針 .........................................................................................................173