本書(shū)介紹水質(zhì)控制所涉及的膠體與界面化學(xué)的基本原理和方法。第1至7章為膠體化學(xué)部分，包括膠體化學(xué)的簡(jiǎn)史與基本概念、擴(kuò)散與布朗運(yùn)動(dòng)、沉降、滲透壓、光學(xué)性質(zhì)、流變性質(zhì)、電學(xué)性質(zhì)。第8至10章為界面化學(xué)部分，包括液體的表面、溶液的表面、固體的表面等。第11章介紹粗分散體系，包括乳狀液、泡沫、凝膠等。
本書(shū)的特點(diǎn)是緊密聯(lián)系水質(zhì)控制理論與技術(shù)，推理嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)細(xì)致，簡(jiǎn)明扼要，并附有必要的案例解析，易學(xué)易懂。附錄中給出了常用物理常數(shù)、水的物理化學(xué)常數(shù)，以及常見(jiàn)各種液體的表面張力、常用表面活性劑的HLB 值等，方便讀者使用。
本書(shū)可作為給水排水工程、環(huán)境工程、環(huán)境科學(xué)等專(zhuān)業(yè)的研究生教學(xué)用書(shū)，也可供水處理科技工作者參考。
1. 內(nèi)容獨(dú)特，從水質(zhì)控制的角度篩選和論述膠體與界面化學(xué)的知識(shí)。國(guó)際上同類(lèi)圖書(shū)尚缺乏與水質(zhì)控制密切相關(guān)的書(shū)籍，本書(shū)特別關(guān)注了能夠應(yīng)用于水處理理論及水處理實(shí)賤的知識(shí)，因而本領(lǐng)域的學(xué)生和專(zhuān)家會(huì)感到興趣。
2.反映了國(guó)際水質(zhì)控制發(fā)展的前沿和研究熱點(diǎn)。在論述膠體與界面化學(xué)基本原理的同時(shí)，對(duì)國(guó)際上以該原理發(fā)展起來(lái)的水處理新理論和新技術(shù)也做了介紹，反映了國(guó)際水質(zhì)控制發(fā)展的前沿和熱點(diǎn)，清晰地指出了目前尚存的問(wèn)題和應(yīng)當(dāng)努力的方向，不僅可使讀者掌握已有的知識(shí)，而且盡可能地引起他們的興趣和思考，引導(dǎo)他們自己去考慮進(jìn)一步研究的方向，去解決尚未解決的問(wèn)題。
3.內(nèi)容精煉，易讀易懂。
4.書(shū)中每一章都附有一定量的習(xí)題及其解答，有助于讀者更深刻地理解和掌握相關(guān)理論。從內(nèi)容到語(yǔ)言盡量做到精益求精。
5. 本書(shū)以作者多年從事給水排水、環(huán)境工程、環(huán)境科學(xué)等專(zhuān)業(yè)的研究及授課經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)，經(jīng)二十幾載的推敲、取舍和錘煉形成，從內(nèi)容到語(yǔ)言盡量做到了精益求精。
Colloid and interface chemistry is one of the most important scientifi c bases of water quality control. It is related to nearly all of the principles of water treatment,including coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, adsorption, filtration, flotation,oil separation, membrane separation, sludge dewatering, scaling-corrosion inhibitor, and environmental atalysis. The need for water quality control has quickly increased for decades because people pay more and more attention to drinking water safety and water environment protection. Decision-making in matters relating to water quality control requires a sound understanding of basic principles of colloid and interface chemistry; therefore, the publication of this book is quite relevant at present.
This book was completed on the basis of my teaching materials in the School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering at Lanzhou Jiaotong University of China. It provides students the most basic knowledge of colloid and interface chemistry. Chapters 1?C7 introduce colloid chemistry including Chapter 1 Brief History of Colloid and Interface Chemistry and Basic Concepts, Chapter 2 Diffusion and Brown Motion, Chapter 3 Sedimentation, Chapter 4 Osmotic Pressure, Chapter 5 Optical Properties, Chapter 6 Rheology Properties,Chapter 7 Electric Properties; Chapters 8?C10 introduce interface chemistry including Chapter 8 Surface of Liquid, Chapter 9 Surface of Solution,and Chapter 10 Surface of Solids; Chapter 11 Emulsion, Foam, and Gelintroduces the coarse dispersion system. As a classical science, colloid and interface chemistry has been developing for more than a century and encompasses a large amount of knowledge, but this book focuses on that which can be applied to water treatment and is closely related to the practices of water treatment and water purifi cation; therefore, students and specialists in the area will fi nd it very useful.
This book is characterized by concision, and the main basic principles and theories are introduced and described. It is easy to read and understand. I think textbooks should not be designed simply as a collection of facts but rather an introduction to ways of thinking about the world. Questions and exercises as well as their solutions have been given throughout the book so that readers can check their understanding of the text. Both traditional and some newly developed knowledge are included to refl ect the latest advances of the discipline.
I hope this book will be used as a reference book or a text book for undergraduate students and graduate students who are majoring in water quality control to help them understand the problems and diffi cult points in their studies.It could also be used as a reference for researchers and engineers as well as graduate students in other majors for further study. In addition, it is quite suitable for researchers and engineers to quickly consult relevant information that they encounter in their work because of the books brevity and clarity.
It is always a pleasure to thank my editor Gang Wu who has contributed so generously with illustrations and helpful suggestions to improve the book. My appreciation also goes to Dr Pengyu Liu for his work on the fi gures. Finally,I am very grateful for the fi nancial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21277065) in preparation of this book.
Qing Chang
Lanzhou Jiaotong University
Lanzhou, Gansu, China
October, 2015
常青（1947），男，畢業(yè)于中國(guó)科學(xué)院生態(tài)環(huán)境研究中心，碩士學(xué)位。任蘭州交通大學(xué)環(huán)境與市政工程學(xué)院教授，博導(dǎo)。獲全國(guó)模范教師、甘肅省高等學(xué)校教學(xué)名師、鐵道部有突出貢獻(xiàn)的中青年專(zhuān)家 等稱(chēng)號(hào)。講授環(huán)境化學(xué)、物理化學(xué)、膠體與界面化學(xué)等。研究方向?yàn)槲廴究刂苹瘜W(xué)，主持科研項(xiàng)目10余項(xiàng)，其中國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目4項(xiàng)，教育部博士點(diǎn)基金項(xiàng)目1項(xiàng)，甘肅省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目1項(xiàng)，指導(dǎo)博士研究生14名及碩士研究生50名，獲教學(xué)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)9項(xiàng)及科技獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)10項(xiàng)，發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文120余篇，主編出版學(xué)術(shù)著作3部，參編出版學(xué)術(shù)著作2部。
Preface xi
1. Brief History of Colloid and Interface Chemistry and Basic Concepts
1.1 Origin of the Term Colloid 1
1.2 Classifi cation of the Colloidal System 2
1.3 Dispersion Degree and Specifi c Surface Area 4
1.4 Shape of Colloidal Particles 5
1.5 Polydispersity and the Average Size of Colloidal Particles 6
1.6 Colloidal Pollutants in Natural Waters 11
2. Diffusion and Brownian Motion
2.1 Diffusion 13
2.1.1 Ficks First Law 13
2.1.2 Ficks Second Law 14
2.2 Brownian Motion 15
2.3 Application of Diffusion 18
2.3.1 Calculation of Radius and Molecular Weight of Spherical Particle 18
2.3.2 Calculation of Axial Ratio of Nonspherical Particle 19
2.3.3 Estimation of Amount of Solvation 20
2.4 Role of Diffusion Theory in Water Treatment and Natural Water 22
3. Sedimentation
3.1 Sedimentation in the Gravity Field 23
3.1.1 Measurement of the Distribution of Particle Sizes by Sedimentation
Analysis 24
3.1.2 Sedimentation Equilibrium and Altitude Distribution Law 26
3.2 Sedimentation in Centrifugal Force Field 28
3.2.1 Velocity Method 28
3.2.2 Equilibrium Method 31
3.3 Applications of Sedimentation in Water Treatment 33
4. Osmotic Pressure
4.1 Osmotic Pressure of Ideal Solutions 37
4.2 Osmotic Pressure of Macromolecule Solutions 39
4.3 Donnan Equilibrium and Osmotic Pressure 41
4.4 Measurement of Osmotic Pressure 43
4.4.1 Osmometer 43
4.4.2 Semipermeable Membrane 43
4.4.3 Method of Measurement 45
4.5 Application of Reverse Osmosis in Water Treatment 46
5. Optical Properties
5.1 Light Scattering of Colloid Systems 49
5.2 Rayleigh Equation of Light Scattering 51
5.3 Polarized Components and Space Distribution of Scattered Light 52
5.4 Light Scattering of Large Particles 54
5.5 Light Scattering of Macromolecule Solutions 55
5.5.1 Fluctuation in Density and Concentration 55
5.5.2 Measurement of the Molecular Weight of Polymers 57
5.6 Turbidity of Water 57
6. Rheology Properties
6.1 Basic Concept and Basic Theory 61
6.1.1 Shearing Strain and Shear Rate 61
6.1.2 Newton Equation 62
6.2 Measurement of Viscosity 63
6.2.1 Capillary Flow Method 63
6.2.2 Concentric Rotational Cylinder Method 66
6.3 Viscosity of Dilute Colloidal Solutions 67
6.3.1 Basic Concept 67
6.3.2 Effect of Spherical Particles on the Viscosity of Colloidal Dispersion 68
6.3.3 Effect of Particle Morphology on the Viscosity of Colloidal Solutions 69
6.3.4 Effect of Particle Solvation on the Viscosity of Colloidal Solutions 69
6.3.5 Measuring the Molecular Weight of Polymers and Flocculants in Water
Treatment 70
6.4 Rheology Properties of Concentrated Dispersion Systems 73
6.5 Rheology Properties of Sludge Produced in Water Treatment 76
7. Electrical Properties
7.1 Origin of the Surface Charge of Colloids in Natural Waters 80
7.1.1 Isomorphous Replacement Within the Lattice 80
7.1.2 Ionization and Adsorption of Hydrous Oxide Minerals 81
7.1.3 Specifi c Adsorption 82
7.1.4 Ionization and Adsorption of Humic Substances 82
7.1.5 Amphoteric Behavior of Protein 83
7.2 Electrokinetic Phenomena 84
7.2.1 Electrophoresis 84
7.2.2 Electroosmosis 85
7.2.3 Streaming Potential 86
7.2.4 Sedimentation Potential 86
7.3 Model of Electric Double Layer 87
7.3.1 Helmholtz Model of Parallel-Plate Capacitor 87
7.3.2 GouyChapman Model of Diffuse Double Layer 88
7.3.3 Stern Model 94
7.4 Electrokinetic Theory and Experiment 96
7.4.1 Theory and Experiment of Electroosmosis 97
7.4.2 Theory and Experiment of Electrophoresis 101
7.4.3 Theory and Experiment of Streaming Potential 108
7.4.4 Theory and Experiment of Sedimentation Potential 109
7.5 Coagulation Thermodynamics: DLVO Theory of Colloid Stability 110
7.5.1 van der Waals Attractive Energy Between Particles 111
7.5.2 Double Layer Repulsive Energy Between Particles 113
7.5.3 Total Energy of Interaction Between Particles 115
7.5.4 Critical Coagulation Concentration 118
7.6 Kinetics of Coagulation 122
7.6.1 Rate of Perikinetic Coagulation 122
7.6.2 Rate of Orthokinetic Coagulation 126
7.7 Effect of Macromolecules on Colloid Stability 131
7.7.1 Stabilization Effect of Macromolecules 131
7.7.2 Application of Stabilization Effect of Macromolecules in Cooling Water
133
7.7.3 Flocculation Effect of Macromolecules 133
7.8 Coagulation in Natural Waters and Water Treatment 134
8. Surface of Liquid
8.1 Surface Tension and Surface Free Energy 137
8.1.1 Basic Concepts 137
8.1.2 Origination of Surface Tension and Surface Free Energy 138
8.1.3 Surface Tensions of Common Liquids 139
8.1.4 Variation of Surface Tension With Temperature and Pressure 139
8.2 Relation Between Liquid Pressure and Surface Curvature 141
8.3 Relation Between Vapor Pressure of Liquid and Surface Curvature 144
8.4 Contact Angle 146
8.5 Measurement of Surface Tension 146
8.5.1 Capillary Rise Method 146
8.5.2 Ring Method 148
8.6 Cohesion Work and Adhesion Work 149
8.7 Spreading of One Liquid on Another Liquid 150
8.8 Fowkes Theory of Interfacial Tension 152
8.9 Insoluble Monomolecular Film 155
8.9.1 Surface Pressure 155
8.9.2 Various States of Monomolecular Film 156
8.9.3 Application of Surface Film 158
9. Surface of Solution
9.1 Surface Activity 161
9.2 Surface Excess and Gibbs Adsorption Equation 162
9.2.1 Surface Excess 162
9.2.2 Gibbs Adsorption Equation 165
9.2.3 Adsorption at Surface of Solution 167
9.3 Surfactant 169
9.3.1 Characteristics, Chemical Structure, and Classifi cation of Surfactant
169
9.3.2 Formation of Micelles 170
9.3.3 Effect of Micelles on the Property of Solution 172
9.3.4 Dependence of Surfactant Solubility on Temperature 172
9.3.5 Dependence of Surfactant Properties on Its Structure 173
10. Surface of Solids
10.1 Basic Principles 176
10.1.1 Physical Adsorption and Chemical Adsorption 176
10.1.2 Thermodynamics of Adsorption 177
10.2 Adsorption of Gas at a Solid Surface 180
10.2.1 Adsorption Isotherm 180
10.2.2 Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm Equation 181
10.2.3 Freundlich Adsorption Equation 187
10.2.4 Temkin Adsorption Equation 187
10.2.5 BET Equation for Multimolecular Layer Adsorption 188
10.2.6 Polanyi Adsorption Potential Theory and DR
Equation 194
10.2.7 Capillary Condensation and Adsorption Hysteresis 199
10.3 Adsorption from Solution 201
10.3.1 Amount of Adsorption 201
10.3.2 Adsorption Kinetics 204
10.3.3 Pseudofi rst Order Model 205
10.3.4 Pseudosecond Order Model 205
10.3.5 Intraparticle Diffusion Model 206
10.3.6 Elovich Model 207
10.4 Wetting of Solid Surface 207
10.4.1 Measurement of Contact Angle 209
10.4.2 Effect of Surface Roughness on Contact Angle 212
10.4.3 Spreading of Liquid on Solid Surface 213
10.4.4 Wetting and Water Treatment 215
10.5 Measurement of Properties of Adsorbents 216
10.5.1 Measurement of Specifi c Surface Area 216
10.5.2 Measurement of Pore Volume 217
10.5.3 Measurement of Mean Pore Radius 218
10.5.4 Measurement of Pore Radius Distribution 219
10.6 Analysis of the Surface of Adsorbents 221
10.6.1 Analysis of the Surface Morphology of Adsorbents 221
10.6.2 Analysis of the Surface Composition of Adsorbents 222
10.7 Adsorption in Natural Water and Water Treatment 223
11. Emulsion, Foam, and Gel
11.1 Emulsion 227
11.1.1 Formation of Emulsion and Its Type 227
11.1.2 Stabilization and Breaking of Emulsion 229
11.1.3 Applications of Emulsion in Wastewater Treatment 233
11.2 Foam 234
11.2.1 Structure and Formation Condition of Foam 234
11.2.2 Stability of Foam 235
11.2.3 Destruction of Foam 237
11.2.4 Application of Foam in Wastewater Treatment 239
11.3 Gel 240
11.3.1 Basic Concepts 240
11.3.2 Structure of Gel 241
11.3.3 Expansion of Gel 242
11.3.4 Diffusion in Gel 243
11.3.5 Gels in Water Treatment 244
Appendix A
Table A.1 Basic SI Units 247
Table A.2 Derived SI Units 247
Table A.3 Relation of SI Units to Other Common Units 248
Table A.4 Unit Prefi xes 248
Appendix B
Table B.1 Physical Constants 249
Table B.2 Surface Tension of Common Liquids 249
Table B.3 Physicochemical Constants of Water 250
Table B.4 HLB Value of Some Surfactants 252
Appendix C
Table C.1 Common Equations 253
Further Reading 255
Index 257
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