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本書是本科教育中，化學(xué)化工專業(yè)用輔導(dǎo)書。本書內(nèi)容圍繞普通高等教育對有機合成知識結(jié)構(gòu)要求編寫，體例豐富，知識點涵蓋全面；題型新穎并緊緊結(jié)合新的研究成果。注重深入淺出，力爭讓學(xué)生便于上手，易于掌握。對不同的知識類型采用不同的方式進行歸納總結(jié)，尋其規(guī)律，溝通知識點之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，在理解的基礎(chǔ)上進行聯(lián)系式的記憶，在大腦里編織知識的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

前言

有機合成是一門藝術(shù)——一門分子水平上的建筑藝術(shù)；是一項復(fù)雜、艱巨的工作；也是一項耐人尋味和富有挑戰(zhàn)性、創(chuàng)造性的工作。其任務(wù)就是構(gòu)建碳碳骨架和所需的官能團。這就要求我們必須熟練掌握官能團的引入和相互轉(zhuǎn)換的反應(yīng)，以及碳碳鍵的構(gòu)建。

編寫本書的目的是給剛接觸有機合成反應(yīng)的學(xué)生提供一個模仿的樣式。使有機合成初學(xué)者有樣可學(xué)，促使他們較快地掌握有機合成的一些基本規(guī)律，系統(tǒng)掌握有機化學(xué)的基本知識和基本理論，并能很快地應(yīng)用到合成路線的設(shè)計上來，迅速提高應(yīng)用有機化學(xué)基本知識和基本理論的能力。通過學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練，幫助學(xué)生提高理論推導(dǎo)能力、有機化學(xué)的基本理論和基本知識的應(yīng)用能力，進一步提高邏輯思維能力，拓展知識的應(yīng)用范圍，開闊視野。通過學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練，學(xué)生應(yīng)能達到較順利地掌握和熟悉有機合成路線設(shè)計的基本要求和能力。對于學(xué)生系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)和復(fù)習(xí)有機化學(xué)，尤其是對考研具有重要意義。

考慮到篇幅的限制，本書主要內(nèi)容分為三章，第一章解答有機合成題的基礎(chǔ)知識準(zhǔn)備；第二章有機化合物常見增長和縮短碳鏈的方法；第三章有機合成練習(xí)題題解。重點是第三章，詳細(xì)介紹了300多條基本有機合成路線的設(shè)計，特點是采用一題一分析一推導(dǎo)一解釋一路線的方式進行。按照有機合成的基本要求，進行逆合成分析，然后加以文字解釋，最后給出符合有機合成要求的、可行的、簡練的合成路線。

本書作為有機合成教學(xué)的重要參考書，重在啟蒙、引領(lǐng)、啟發(fā)，重在學(xué)生自學(xué)，適合本�？粕�、研究生學(xué)習(xí)參考，也適合考研學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)使用，是一本適時的參考書。希望能給初學(xué)者和考研學(xué)習(xí)者帶來一些可貴的啟發(fā)，助其提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。

本書經(jīng)過10多年的教學(xué)和考研輔導(dǎo)促成初稿，在學(xué)校和二級學(xué)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的鼓勵和支持下才得以完成。由于時間關(guān)系，來不及系統(tǒng)分類，對有機合成的分析技術(shù)和路線設(shè)計難以做到非常精準(zhǔn)。書中難免存在錯漏之處，敬請讀者批評指正。

編者

2015年10月于廣西玉林

第一章解答有機合成題的基礎(chǔ)知識準(zhǔn)備················································································ 1

一、烴類和簡單雜環(huán)的官能團化····························································································· 1

二、官能團的轉(zhuǎn)換················································································································ 6

三、復(fù)習(xí)和熟練掌握碳鏈的增長方法······················································································ 9

四、熟悉一些重要的重排反應(yīng)······························································································ 10

五、掌握碳碳鍵的構(gòu)建方法·································································································· 10

六、掌握化學(xué)鍵的切斷與逆合成分析法················································································· 10

七、熟悉按照化學(xué)鍵異裂方式切斷后的常見合成子及其對應(yīng)的等價物······································· 10

八、逆合成分析切斷法的技巧······························································································ 11

九、一條理想的合成路線的確定需要把握的幾點···································································· 11

第二章有機化合物常見增長和縮短碳鏈的方法····································································· 12

第一節(jié) 增長碳鏈的方法····································································································· 12

一、增加一個碳原子的常見方法··························································································· 12

二、增加兩個碳原子的常見方法··························································································· 16

三、增加三個碳原子的常見方法··························································································· 19

四、增加四個碳原子的常見方法··························································································· 22

五、碳鏈倍增法·················································································································· 22

第二節(jié) 縮短碳鏈的方法····································································································· 24

一、減少一個碳原子的常見方法··························································································· 24

二、烯烴通過氧化斷鍵減少一個或多個碳的方法···································································· 25

第三章有機合成練習(xí)題題解······························································································· 26

參考文獻·························································································································· 238

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