崔校平編*的《英語詞匯與西方文化》共分十章，從英語學習和跨文化交際的角度深入淺出地探討英語詞匯與西方文化，特別是與英美國家文化的關(guān)系。
該教材的特點是：1、適用性強，既可以作為課堂教材講授，又適用于學生自學；2、例證豐富，有助于學生迅速擴大詞匯量；3、趣味性強，集知識性、趣味性于一體，把枯燥的英語詞匯學習變成有趣的文化學習；4、內(nèi)容豐富，融詞匯與文化學習為一體，讀者可以邊學文化邊學詞匯，真正了解詞匯的內(nèi)涵，收到事半功倍之效。
語言是什么？
語言是人類最重要的交際工具，是人們進行溝通交流的各種表達符號。人們借助語言保存和傳遞人類文明的成果。語言是民族的重要特征之一。抽象地說，語言指的是交際過程中所用的一種符號系統(tǒng)，包括語音、詞匯、語法三大要素。具體地說，語言指的是人們在交際過程中說出的話語和寫出的文字。語言不僅是形式，也是內(nèi)容。根據(jù)德國出版的《語言學及語言交際工具問題手冊》，現(xiàn)在世界上查明的語言有 5 651種。在這些語言中，約有 1 400多種還沒有被人們承認為獨立的語言，或者是正在衰亡的語言。
文化又是什么？
“文化”一詞，英文、法文都寫作 culture，它是從拉丁文演化來的。拉丁文 cultura含有“耕種、居住、練習、留心或注意”等義項。 19世紀中葉，一些新的人文學科如人類學、社會學、民族學等在西方興起，文化的概念從而發(fā)生了變化，逐步成為概括以上新興學科的、具有現(xiàn)代色彩的重要術(shù)語。最早把文化作為專門術(shù)語來使用的是被稱為“人類學之父”的英國人泰勒（ E. B. Tylor），他在 1871年發(fā)表的《原始文化》一書中給文化下了定義：文化是一個復雜的總體，包括知識、信仰、藝術(shù)、道德、法律、風俗以及人類在社會里所獲得的一切能力與習慣�；\統(tǒng)地說，文化是一種社會現(xiàn)象，是人們長期創(chuàng)造形成的產(chǎn)物；同時，文化又是一種歷史現(xiàn)象，是社會歷史的積淀物。確切地說，文化是指一個國家或民族的歷史、地理、風土人情、傳統(tǒng)習俗、生活方式、文學藝術(shù)、行為規(guī)范、思維方式和價值觀念等。
語言與文化之間是什么關(guān)系？
語言作為文化的載體，它們之間的關(guān)系十分密切，但語言與文化又分屬兩個不同的概念，它們是有區(qū)別的。語言與文化相互依存的關(guān)系對語言學習產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。語言和文化是同步發(fā)生的，沒有語言就沒有文化，語言是文化形成和發(fā)展的前提，文化的發(fā)展也促進了語言的豐富和完善。無論從哪一個角度來看，我們都知曉這樣一個事實：人類的語言是人類社會文化的語言，它與人類社會、人類文化有著許多密切的
關(guān)系。語言是文化的一部分，并對文化起著重要作用。有些社會學家認為，語言是文
化的基石——沒有語言，就沒有文化；從另一個方面看，語言又受文化的影響，反映
文化�？梢哉f，語言反映一個民族的特征，它不僅包含著該民族的歷史和文化背景，
而且蘊藏著該民族對人生的看法、生活方式和思維方式。語言與文化互相影響，互相
作用。理解語言必須了解文化，理解文化也必須了解語言。
那么詞匯與文化是什么關(guān)系？
詞匯是語言的基本構(gòu)成要素，是語言大系統(tǒng)賴以存在的支柱，也是文化的主要載體�！罢Z言詞匯是最明顯的承載文化信息、反映人類社會生活的工具”。因此，學習一門語言不僅要學習其語音、詞匯、語法，還要學習詞匯使用的不同文化背景和使用場合。比如： girl Friday（女仆），family man（有妻子兒女的男人），continental breakfast（清淡的早餐）等。學習英語，若對西方文化（尤其是英美文化）一點不了解，就不能真正理解某些詞匯的真正含義。詞匯的意義與文化有著千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系，這說明學習英語就必須學習英美文化，特別是當我們學習詞匯時一定要了解詞匯的文化內(nèi)涵。這不但是學習文化詞匯、擴充詞匯量的捷徑，還是幫助我們區(qū)分英美文化精華與糟粕的
有效途徑，從而更有利于我們傳承中國文化。
本教材共分十章，作者主要從英語學習和跨文化交際的角度深入淺出地探討英語
詞匯與西方文化，特別是英美國家文化的關(guān)系，并用大量的實例提示詞匯是文化的載體，
英語學習離不開文化，否則就不可能真正把英語學好。本教材的特點是： 1.適用性強，
既可以作為課堂教材講授，又適用于學生自學； 2.例證豐富，有助于學生迅速擴大詞
匯量； 3.趣味性強，集知識性、趣味性于一體，把枯燥的英語詞匯學習變成有趣的文
化學習； 4.內(nèi)容豐富，融詞匯與文化學習為一體，讀者可以邊學文化邊學詞匯，真正
了解詞匯的內(nèi)涵，收到事半功倍之效。
本教材的編寫參考了若干文獻資料，主要參考文獻在每個章節(jié)的后面列出，在此
向文獻資料的撰寫者們表示感謝。此外，本書的編寫及出版得到山東大學本科生院和
清華大學出版社的支持，在此謹致衷心謝意。
本教材的初稿已作為山東大學本科生通識教育選修課程教材使用過四屆，作為通
識教育核心課程教材使用過三屆，受到廣大師生的喜愛�，F(xiàn)將其作為通識教育核心課
教材正式出版，但愿它能夠成為廣大師生和英語愛好者的良師益友！
由于作者水平所限，書中錯訛紕漏之處在所難免，敬請廣大讀者和同仁批評指正。
崔校平于濟南 2015年 6月
第一章英語詞匯的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展 ···················································································1
第一節(jié)英語詞匯來源概說 ·········································································································· 1
第二節(jié)英語詞匯與英國歷史···································································································· 16
第三節(jié)英語詞匯與文化············································································································· 22
第四節(jié)影響英語詞匯的不同文化因素················································································· 34
Exercise Ⅰ ········································································································································· 45
第二章英語飲食詞匯與文化······················································································47
第一節(jié)英語飲食詞匯文化的內(nèi)涵和語義理據(jù)··································································· 47第二節(jié)英語詞匯與鹽文化 ········································································································ 55第三節(jié)英語中食物詞語表達的文化意義 ············································································ 59
Exercise Ⅱ ········································································································································· 62
第三章顏色詞匯與語言文化······················································································65
第一節(jié)基本顏色詞匯的文化內(nèi)涵 ·························································································· 65
第二節(jié)英語顏色詞的社會文化意義······················································································ 68
第三節(jié)英語中關(guān)于顏色的詞語······························································································· 73
Exercise Ⅲ ········································································································································· 77
第四章動植物詞匯與西方文化 ·················································································81
第一節(jié)英漢動物詞匯的聯(lián)想意義及文化內(nèi)涵··································································· 81第二節(jié)從“貓”的文化含義看英語詞匯的民族文化性 ················································ 89
第三節(jié)英語植物詞匯的聯(lián)想意義 ·························································································· 91
Exercise Ⅳ ········································································································································· 98
第五章英語詞匯與希臘羅馬神話·············································································99
第一節(jié)希臘羅馬神話簡介 ········································································································ 99第二節(jié)古希臘羅馬神話對英語詞匯的影響······································································ 105 第三節(jié)源自希臘羅馬神話諸神的英語詞匯······································································ 109 Exercise Ⅴ ········································································································································116
第六章英語詞匯與海洋文化···················································································· 119第一節(jié)海洋文化對英語詞匯的影響·····················································································119第二節(jié)源于航海的英語詞匯·································································································· 123第三節(jié)英語詞匯與魚的種類·································································································· 126 Exercise Ⅵ ······································································································································· 132
第七章英語姓名與西方文化····················································································135第一節(jié)英國人姓名的起源及其理據(jù)···················································································· 135第二節(jié)英語民族姓名的文化含義 ························································································ 142第三節(jié)英語中來自人名的詞匯及其修辭特色································································· 152第四節(jié)英語中男女名字及其含義的不同 ·········································································· 157 Exercise Ⅶ ······································································································································· 162
第八章英語地名與西方文化····················································································165第一節(jié)英國地名的歷史文化內(nèi)涵 ························································································ 165第二節(jié)從地名看美國文化 ······································································································ 171第三節(jié)英語詞匯與北美印第安文化···················································································· 177第四節(jié)含地名的英語詞匯與文化 ························································································ 183 Exercise Ⅷ ······································································································································· 188
第九章英語詞匯與宗教·····························································································191第一節(jié)基督教文化對英語的影響 ························································································ 191第二節(jié)英語習語與基督教文化····························································································· 198第三節(jié)英語詞匯與《圣經(jīng)》···································································································· 201 Exercise Ⅸ ········································································································································211
第十章英語詞匯與文學作品····················································································213第一節(jié)源自文學作品的常用英語詞匯··············································································· 213第二節(jié)英語習語與文學作品的關(guān)系···················································································· 221第三節(jié)源自《伊索寓言》的英語習語··············································································· 228 Exercise Ⅹ ······································································································································· 232
參考答案·····························································································································235
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