本書(shū)探索一條研究隱喻、一詞多義現(xiàn)象及其概念結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系的嶄新之路。作者向認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)、詞匯語(yǔ)義學(xué)及分析哲學(xué)理論框架范圍內(nèi)的有關(guān)隱喻研究提出了挑戰(zhàn)。呼吁要對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)想的有關(guān)字面意義的觀點(diǎn)及其概念結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系進(jìn)行再思考。
“西方語(yǔ)言學(xué)原版影印系列叢書(shū)”是北京大學(xué)出版社外語(yǔ)編輯部建立以來(lái)的一個(gè)新產(chǎn)品,具有重大意義。隨著國(guó)內(nèi)高等教育的發(fā)展,這幾年來(lái)本科生、碩士生和博士生的招生名額都擴(kuò)大了,教材建設(shè)再次提上了日程。除組織國(guó)內(nèi)老師自行編寫(xiě)外,從國(guó)外直接引進(jìn)仍不失為一個(gè)有效途徑。語(yǔ)言學(xué)是一門(mén)領(lǐng)先科學(xué),因此本叢書(shū)的有些內(nèi)容對(duì)其他專業(yè)的老師和學(xué)生、研究者,甚至業(yè)余學(xué)習(xí)者也有很高參考價(jià)值。例如,像有關(guān)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)、認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)的著作除外語(yǔ)老師外,計(jì)算科學(xué)、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)、認(rèn)知科學(xué)、詞典編輯等專業(yè)的研究人員和師生也有一讀之必要。
北大版“西方語(yǔ)言學(xué)原版影印系列叢書(shū)”的問(wèn)世是意料中的事。早在2002年1月北京大學(xué)出版社已出版過(guò)“西方語(yǔ)言學(xué)叢書(shū)”,從劍橋大學(xué)出版社引進(jìn)了六卷本《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言史》,Robert D.van Valin和Randy J.Lapolla的《句法:結(jié)構(gòu)、意義與功能》,Andres Radford的《最簡(jiǎn)方案:句法理論與英語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)》……共七種,在外語(yǔ)界獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟。經(jīng)過(guò)兩三年的摸索,經(jīng)驗(yàn)更豐富了,視野更擴(kuò)大了。這表現(xiàn)在選題方面語(yǔ)言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)并重,這更符合研究生專業(yè)目錄中有關(guān)“語(yǔ)言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)”的基本要求。我們的學(xué)生既要有理論知識(shí),也要有如何運(yùn)用有關(guān)理論的知識(shí),只有這樣,才能將所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí)更好地為國(guó)家建設(shè)服務(wù)。
另一點(diǎn)值得我們考慮的是,全面掌握語(yǔ)言學(xué)和應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí)固然是保證教學(xué)質(zhì)量的一個(gè)方面,我們還要讓高等學(xué)校的學(xué)生經(jīng)常站在本學(xué)科的前沿,接觸本學(xué)科的最新成果,掌握本學(xué)科的最新動(dòng)向。這也是保證教材質(zhì)量,從而保證所培養(yǎng)學(xué)生質(zhì)量的一個(gè)重要方面。因此,本叢書(shū)既引進(jìn)有關(guān)學(xué)科在各時(shí)期的經(jīng)典著作,更注意引進(jìn)21世紀(jì)的新著。長(zhǎng)江后浪推前浪,許多經(jīng)典著作最初也是以新著的形式問(wèn)世的,其作者的年齡往往屬于新生代。因此,時(shí)代意識(shí)是本系列叢書(shū)的一大特征。
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo),本叢書(shū)采取靈活的出版發(fā)行方式,既可系統(tǒng)成套出版,也可成熟一本,出版一本。這樣,只要國(guó)外有好的新著出版,北京大學(xué)出版社根據(jù)該書(shū)的質(zhì)量和國(guó)內(nèi)的需要,及時(shí)引進(jìn)。這在信息爆炸的今天,尤為重要。我們還認(rèn)為,這套叢書(shū)的建設(shè)與廣大讀者的監(jiān)督和支持是分不開(kāi)的。我們歡迎讀者對(duì)本叢書(shū)不足之處提出寶貴意見(jiàn),我們更歡迎讀者和業(yè)內(nèi)行家向我們推薦有引進(jìn)價(jià)值的著作!
Preface
1 Introduction:On the Nature of the Literal.Metaphorical Distinction
2 Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics
2.1 The cognitive linguistics revolution
2.2 Experientialism and conceptual organization
2.3 Reasons to take experientialism seriously
2.4 Cognitive semantics and the literal.metaphorical distinction
2.5 Some problems for the philosophy of experientialism
2.6 Adjectival polysemy in the experientialist framework
3 The‘Hot’Polysemy
3.1 Why neurophysiology matters to semantics
3.2 The capsaicin receptor
3.3 Are hot peppers‘hot’for everyone?
3.4 The pain pathway
3.5 The standard assumption and the‘hot’polysemy
4 Across Sensory Modalities
4.1 Bright sounds and loud lights
4.2 Seeing sounds and tasting shapes
4.3 How different are synaesthetes and non.synaesthetes?
4.4 Cross.modal associations and synaesthetic metaphors
4.5 Synaesthetic adjectives and the standard assumption
4.6 The no.polysemy view of conceptual structure
4.7 How could have psychologically primitive concepts come abolJt?
5 Double.Function Terms
5.1 Apuzzle
5.2 Asch on double.function adjectives
5.3 Discussing Asch’S research:cross.linguistic studv
5.4 Conceptual atomism
5.5 Discussing Asch’S research:language acquisition study
6 Double.Function Terms Again
6.1 Adjectival polysemy in psycholinguistic research
6.2 Discussing Williams results
6.3 The processing of alternative meanings by cerebral hemispheres:the beginnings
6.4 The processing of alternative meanings by cerebral hemispheres:later studies
7 Words and Concepts
8 Back to Cognitive Semantics
8.1 Sweetsers mind.as.body metaphor
8.2 Enter criticisms
9 Polysemy in Lexical Semantics
9.1 Semantics and conceptual structure:the beginnings
9.2 Polysemy and conceptual structure
9.3 The generative lexicon
9.4 The disquotational lexicon and the problem of polysen
10 The No.Polysemy View:What It Is and What It Is N
10.1 The one literal meaning assumption
10.2 The no.polysemy view
10.3 Words,meanings,concepts,and more
10.4 Metaphors forever
11 A Very Short Conclusion
Notes
References
Index
On the other hand,our intuition tells us that somehow in ourthought all the different meanings of softare related,perhaps relatedmore tightly and in a qualitatively different way than the meanings ofcat and dog, or evenmother and father. For instance, in interpreting novel utterances. If we know what catmeans, we shall not be ableto guess what cat and dog means unless we also know what dogmeans. But if we know what soft means, we know what it means bothin soft pillow and soft voice. Or rather, if we know whatsoft(as insoft pillow)means, we can guess what soft2 (as in soft voice) means,and guess correctly. Even when we hear soft-phrases which are cornpletely novel for us, we do not twist our minds in an effort to understand them,we just understand them.To notice how widespread suchcross-sensory uses of words are one only has to watch television:Whywear cotton, if you can wear silk? could have been about clothes, but itwas about Galaxy chocolates, and it worked. Silk is softer and smootherthan cotton, tastes also have degrees of softness and smoothness. Whenwe watch this advert, we may want to try a Galaxy, but we do not wonder whether it is appropriate to call tastes soft, as we call soft thoseobjects that give us tactile sensations of softness. The kind of peoplewho wonder about such things also wonder why this is so.