目 錄
第1 章 緒論 ·················································································································.1
1.1 概述 ··················································································································.2
1.1.1 幾何量精度設(shè)計(jì) ·························································································.2
1.1.2 測(cè)量技術(shù) ··································································································.2
1.1.3 本課程的學(xué)習(xí)要求 ······················································································.2
1.1.4 本課程特點(diǎn)及學(xué)習(xí)方法 ················································································.3
1.2 互換性與公差 ······································································································.3
1.2.1 互換性與公差的概念 ···················································································.4
1.2.2 互換性的作用 ····························································································.4
1.2.3 互換性的種類(lèi) ····························································································.5
1.3 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與優(yōu)先數(shù)系 ································································································.5
1.3.1 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的概念 ···················································································.5
1.3.2 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的分類(lèi)及代號(hào) ······················································································.6
1.3.3 國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化簡(jiǎn)介 ·························································································.8
1.3.4 優(yōu)先數(shù)系和優(yōu)先數(shù) ····················································································.11
本章小結(jié) ·················································································································.14
習(xí)題 ·······················································································································.14
第2 章 孔和軸的尺寸精度設(shè)計(jì) ···················································································.15
2.1 概述 ················································································································.16
2.2 極限與配合的基本術(shù)語(yǔ)及定義 ···············································································.16
2.2.1 與要素有關(guān)的術(shù)語(yǔ)及定義 ···········································································.16
2.2.2 與尺寸有關(guān)的術(shù)語(yǔ)及定義 ···········································································.17
2.2.3 孔和軸的定義 ··························································································.18
2.2.4 與偏差和公差有關(guān)的術(shù)語(yǔ)及定義 ··································································.19
2.2.5 與配合有關(guān)的術(shù)語(yǔ)及定義 ···········································································.22
2.3 尺寸公差標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和基本偏差標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的構(gòu)成 ······································································.26
2.3.1 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)公差系列 ··························································································.26
2.3.2 基本偏差系列 ··························································································.28
2.3.3 孔和軸的常用公差帶與配合 ········································································.36
2.3.4 極限與配合在圖樣上的標(biāo)注 ········································································.37
2.4 孔和軸的配合精度設(shè)計(jì) ························································································.39
2.4.1 配合制 ···································································································.39
2.4.2 公差等級(jí) ································································································.40
2.4.3 配合種類(lèi) ································································································.43
2.5 一般公差 ··········································································································.47
2.5.1 一般公差的概念 ·······················································································.47
2.5.2 一般公差的等級(jí)和極限偏差值 ·····································································.48
2.5.3 一般公差的圖樣表示法 ··············································································.49
本章小結(jié) ·················································································································.49
習(xí)題 ·······················································································································.49
第3 章 幾何精度設(shè)計(jì) ·································································································.52
3.1 概述 ················································································································.53
3.1.1 幾何要素分類(lèi) ··························································································.53
3.1.2 幾何公差的特征項(xiàng)目及其符號(hào) ·····································································.54
3.1.3 幾何公差在圖樣上的標(biāo)注方法 ·····································································.55
3.1.4 幾何公差和幾何公差帶的特征 ·····································································.57
3.2 形狀公差及形狀誤差的評(píng)定 ··················································································.59
3.2.1 形狀公差 ································································································.59
3.2.2 形狀誤差及其評(píng)定 ····················································································.66
3.3 方向公差、位置公差和跳動(dòng)公差及對(duì)應(yīng)誤差的評(píng)定 ····················································.66
3.3.1 基準(zhǔn)及誤差評(píng)定 ·······················································································.66
3.3.2 方向公差 ································································································.68
3.3.3 位置公差 ································································································.74
3.3.4 跳動(dòng)公差 ································································································.77
3.4 幾何公差與尺寸公差的關(guān)系 ··················································································.80
3.4.1 基本概念 ································································································.80
3.4.2 獨(dú)立原則 ································································································.84
3.4.3 包容要求 ································································································.84
3.4.4 最大實(shí)體要求 ··························································································.86
3.4.5 最小實(shí)體要求 ··························································································.90
3.4.6 可逆要求 ································································································.92
3.5 幾何公差的選用 ·································································································.94
3.5.1 幾何公差特征項(xiàng)目的選用 ···········································································.94
3.5.2 公差原則的選用 ·······················································································.95
3.5.3 基準(zhǔn)要素的選用 ·······················································································.96
3.5.4 幾何公差值的選用 ····················································································.97
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.104
習(xí)題 ······················································································································.104
第4 章 表面輪廓精度設(shè)計(jì) ·························································································.108
4.1 概述 ···············································································································.109
4.1.1 表面粗糙度的定義 ···················································································.109
4.1.2 表面粗糙度對(duì)零件使用性能的影響 ······························································.109
4.2 表面粗糙度的評(píng)定 ·····························································································.110
4.2.1 基本術(shù)語(yǔ) ·······························································································.110
4.2.2 表面輪廓（粗糙度）的評(píng)定參數(shù) ·································································.113
4.3 表面粗糙度的符號(hào)及其標(biāo)注方法 ···········································································.116
4.3.1 表面粗糙度的符號(hào) ···················································································.116
4.3.2 表面粗糙度的標(biāo)注方法 ·············································································.117
4.4 表面粗糙度的選用 ·····························································································.124
4.4.1 表面粗糙度評(píng)定參數(shù)項(xiàng)目的選用 ·································································.124
4.4.2 表面粗糙度評(píng)定參數(shù)值的選用 ····································································.125
4.5 表面粗糙度的檢測(cè) ·····························································································.131
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.133
習(xí)題 ······················································································································.133
第5 章 測(cè)量技術(shù)基礎(chǔ) ································································································.135
5.1 概述 ···············································································································.136
5.1.1 測(cè)量的定義 ····························································································.136
5.1.2 測(cè)量過(guò)程的4 個(gè)要素 ················································································.136
5.1.3 計(jì)量基準(zhǔn) ·······························································································.137
5.1.4 量塊 ·····································································································.138
5.2 測(cè)量?jī)x器和測(cè)量方法 ··························································································.141
5.2.1 測(cè)量?jī)x器的基本技術(shù)性能指標(biāo) ····································································.141
5.2.2 測(cè)量?jī)x器 ·······························································································.142
5.2.3 測(cè)量方法 ·······························································································.143
5.3 測(cè)量誤差及數(shù)據(jù)處理 ··························································································.145
5.3.1 基本概念 ·······························································································.145
5.3.2 測(cè)量誤差的來(lái)源 ······················································································.146
5.3.3 測(cè)量誤差的分類(lèi) ······················································································.147
5.3.4 測(cè)量精度的分類(lèi) ······················································································.148
5.3.5 測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)的處理 ······················································································.149
5.4 光滑工件尺寸的檢測(cè) ··························································································.159
5.4.1 孔和軸實(shí)際尺寸的驗(yàn)收極限 ·······································································.159
5.4.2 光滑極限量規(guī) ·························································································.164
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.170
習(xí)題 ······················································································································.170
第6 章 滾動(dòng)軸承精度設(shè)計(jì) ·························································································.172
6.1 概述 ···············································································································.173
6.2 滾動(dòng)軸承內(nèi)徑和外徑的公差帶及其特點(diǎn) ··································································.173
6.2.1 滾動(dòng)軸承的公差帶 ···················································································.173
6.2.2 滾動(dòng)軸承的尺寸精度和旋轉(zhuǎn)精度 ·································································.174
6.2.3 軸頸和軸承座孔的尺寸公差帶 ····································································.177
6.2.4 滾動(dòng)軸承內(nèi)徑和外徑公差帶的特點(diǎn) ······························································.177
6.3 滾動(dòng)軸承與軸和軸承座孔的配合及其選用 ·······························································.178
6.3.1 軸承配合的選用 ······················································································.178
6.3.2 軸和軸承座孔的形位公差與表面粗糙度參數(shù)值的選用 ······································.182
6.3.3 軸和軸承座孔精度設(shè)計(jì)舉例 ·······································································.183
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.184
習(xí)題 ······················································································································.184
第7 章 鍵與花鍵精度設(shè)計(jì) ·························································································.186
7.1 鍵連接概述 ······································································································.187
7.2 普通平鍵連接的精度設(shè)計(jì) ····················································································.187
7.2.1 普通平鍵連接的結(jié)構(gòu)和幾何參數(shù) ·································································.187
7.2.2 普通平鍵連接的公差與配合 ·······································································.188
7.3 矩形花鍵連接的精度設(shè)計(jì) ····················································································.191
7.3.1 矩形花鍵的尺寸系列 ················································································.191
7.3.2 矩形花鍵的幾何參數(shù)和定心方式 ·································································.192
7.3.3 矩形花鍵連接的極限與配合 ·······································································.193
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習(xí)題 ······················································································································.198
第8 章 螺紋精度設(shè)計(jì) ································································································.199
8.1 概述 ···············································································································.200
8.1.1 螺紋的種類(lèi)及使用要求 ·············································································.200
8.1.2 普通螺紋的基本牙型和主要幾何參數(shù) ···························································.200
8.2 普通螺紋幾何參數(shù)誤差對(duì)互換性的影響 ··································································.203
8.2.1 螺距誤差對(duì)互換性的影響 ··········································································.203
8.2.2 牙側(cè)角偏差對(duì)互換性的影響 ·······································································.204
8.2.3 螺紋直徑偏差對(duì)互換性的影響 ····································································.205
8.2.4 作用中徑和螺紋中徑合格性的判斷 ······························································.205
8.3 普通螺紋的公差與配合 ·······················································································.206
8.3.1 螺紋公差帶 ····························································································.206
8.3.2 螺紋公差帶的選用 ···················································································.209
8.3.3 普通螺紋標(biāo)記 ·························································································.210
8.4 普通螺紋的檢測(cè) ································································································.212
8.4.1 綜合檢測(cè) ·······························································································.212
8.4.2 單項(xiàng)測(cè)量 ·······························································································.212
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.213
習(xí)題 ······················································································································.213
第9 章 圓柱齒輪精度設(shè)計(jì) ·························································································.214
9.1 齒輪傳動(dòng)及其使用要求 ·······················································································.215
9.1.1 齒輪傳動(dòng) ·······························································································.215
9.1.2 齒輪傳動(dòng)的使用要求 ················································································.215
9.2 圓柱齒輪加工誤差的分析 ····················································································.216
9.2.1 圓柱齒輪加工誤差的主要來(lái)源 ····································································.216
9.2.2 圓柱齒輪加工誤差的分類(lèi) ··········································································.217
9.3 圓柱齒輪精度的評(píng)定參數(shù)及其檢測(cè) ········································································.218
9.3.1 齒距偏差 ·······························································································.219
9.3.2 齒廓偏差 ·······························································································.221
9.3.3 螺旋線(xiàn)偏差 ····························································································.223
9.3.4 徑向跳動(dòng) ·······························································································.224
9.3.5 切向綜合偏差 ·························································································.225
9.3.6 徑向綜合偏差 ·························································································.226
9.3.7 齒輪的其他評(píng)定參數(shù) ················································································.228
9.4 齒輪副安裝誤差的評(píng)定參數(shù) ·················································································.231
9.4.1 齒輪副中心距偏差 ···················································································.231
9.4.2 齒輪副軸線(xiàn)平行度偏差 ·············································································.232
9.5 漸開(kāi)線(xiàn)圓柱齒輪公差等級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ··············································································.232
9.5.1 齒面公差分級(jí)制及其應(yīng)用 ··········································································.232
9.5.2 齒輪副側(cè)隙精度指標(biāo)的確定 ·······································································.235
9.5.3 檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的選擇 ······················································································.237
9.5.4 齒坯公差 ·······························································································.238
9.5.5 齒輪齒面和基準(zhǔn)面的表面粗糙度要求 ···························································.240
9.5.6 圖樣上的齒輪齒面公差要求 ·······································································.240
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.241
習(xí)題 ······················································································································.241
第10 章 圓錐配合精度設(shè)計(jì) ·······················································································.242
10.1 概述 ·············································································································.243
10.1.1 圓錐的主要幾何參數(shù) ···············································································.243
10.1.2 有關(guān)圓錐公差的術(shù)語(yǔ) ···············································································.244
10.1.3 有關(guān)圓錐配合的術(shù)語(yǔ) ···············································································.245
10.2 圓錐公差與配合 ······························································································.247
10.2.1 圓錐公差項(xiàng)目 ························································································.247
10.2.2 圓錐公差的給定及標(biāo)注方法 ······································································.248
10.2.3 圓錐配合的一般規(guī)定 ···············································································.249
10.3 錐度和圓錐角的檢測(cè) ························································································.250
10.3.1 直接檢測(cè)錐度和圓錐角 ············································································.250
10.3.2 用量規(guī)檢測(cè)圓錐角偏差 ············································································.250
10.3.3 間接檢測(cè)圓錐角 ·····················································································.251
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.252
習(xí)題 ······················································································································.252
第11 章 精度設(shè)計(jì)與精度分析 ····················································································.253
11.1 尺寸鏈的精度設(shè)計(jì) ···························································································.253
11.1.1 尺寸鏈概述 ···························································································.254
11.1.2 尺寸鏈的計(jì)算 ························································································.257
11.2 精度設(shè)計(jì)案例 ·································································································.262
11.2.1 尺寸精度設(shè)計(jì) ························································································.263
11.2.2 輸出軸的幾何精度設(shè)計(jì) ············································································.265
11.2.3 零部件表面粗糙度參數(shù)值的選擇 ································································.266
11.3 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助精度分析軟件介紹 ············································································.266
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.271
習(xí)題 ······················································································································.272
參考文獻(xiàn) ·····················································································································.274