目 錄
第1 章 數(shù)控技術(shù)概述 ···································································································.1
1.1 機(jī)床數(shù)控技術(shù)的基本概念 ·······················································································.2
1.2 數(shù)控機(jī)床的組成及工作原理 ····················································································.2
1.2.1 數(shù)控機(jī)床的組成 ·························································································.2
1.2.2 數(shù)控機(jī)床的工作原理 ···················································································.5
1.3 數(shù)控機(jī)床的分類 ···································································································.7
1.3.1 按工藝用途分類 ·························································································.7
1.3.2 按運(yùn)動軌跡分類 ·······················································································.10
1.3.3 按伺服控制分類 ························································································.11
1.3.4 按功能水平分類 ·······················································································.13
1.3.5 按聯(lián)動軸數(shù)分類 ·······················································································.14
1.4 數(shù)控機(jī)床的特點(diǎn)及應(yīng)用范圍 ··················································································.17
1.4.1 數(shù)控機(jī)床的特點(diǎn) ·······················································································.17
1.4.2 數(shù)控機(jī)床的應(yīng)用范圍 ·················································································.18
1.5 數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展概況與發(fā)展趨勢 ············································································.18
1.5.1 數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展概況 ·················································································.18
1.5.2 數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展趨勢 ·················································································.20
思考與練習(xí) ··············································································································.28
第2 章 計算機(jī)數(shù)控系統(tǒng) ·····························································································.29
2.1 概述 ················································································································.30
2.1.1 CNC 系統(tǒng)的組成 ······················································································.30
2.1.2 CNC 系統(tǒng)的功能 ······················································································.30
2.1.3 CNC 系統(tǒng)的一般工作過程 ··········································································.33
2.2 CNC 系統(tǒng)的硬件結(jié)構(gòu) ··························································································.35
2.2.1 單CPU 結(jié)構(gòu)CNC 系統(tǒng) ··············································································.35
2.2.2 多CPU 結(jié)構(gòu)CNC 系統(tǒng) ··············································································.37
2.3 CNC 系統(tǒng)的軟件結(jié)構(gòu) ··························································································.38
2.3.1 CNC 系統(tǒng)的軟/硬件功能界面 ······································································.38
2.3.2 CNC 系統(tǒng)的軟件結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) ··········································································.39
2.3.3 CNC 系統(tǒng)的軟件結(jié)構(gòu)模式 ··········································································.42
2.4 可編程控制器 ····································································································.43
2.4.1 概述 ······································································································.43
2.4.2 PLC 在數(shù)控機(jī)床上的應(yīng)用 ···········································································.48
2.5 插 補(bǔ) ··········································································································.56
2.5.1 插補(bǔ)的定義 ·····························································································.56
2.5.2 對插補(bǔ)器的基本要求 ·················································································.56
2.5.3 插補(bǔ)方法的分類 ·······················································································.57
2.5.4 主要的插補(bǔ)方法 ·······················································································.58
2.6 刀具半徑補(bǔ)償 ····································································································.80
2.6.1 刀具半徑補(bǔ)償?shù)幕�本概�?···········································································.80
2.6.2 刀具半徑補(bǔ)償?shù)幕�本原�?···········································································.81
2.6.3 B 功能刀具半徑補(bǔ)償 ·················································································.81
2.6.4 C 功能刀具半徑補(bǔ)償 ·················································································.81
思考與練習(xí) ··············································································································.84
第3 章 數(shù)控機(jī)床的伺服系統(tǒng) ······················································································.85
3.1 概述 ················································································································.85
3.1.1 伺服系統(tǒng)的相關(guān)概念 ·················································································.85
3.1.2 數(shù)控機(jī)床對伺服系統(tǒng)的要求 ········································································.86
3.1.3 伺服系統(tǒng)的分類 ·······················································································.88
3.2 主軸驅(qū)動系統(tǒng) ····································································································.91
3.2.1 基本要求 ································································································.91
3.2.2 工作原理 ································································································.92
3.2.3 主軸分段無級變速 ····················································································.94
3.2.4 主軸準(zhǔn)停 ································································································.96
3.3 步進(jìn)電動機(jī) ······································································································.100
3.3.1 步進(jìn)電動機(jī)組成、工作原理、工作方式、特點(diǎn)和類型 ······································.100
3.3.2 步進(jìn)電動機(jī)的主要性能指標(biāo)及其選擇原則 ·····················································.104
3.3.3 步進(jìn)電動機(jī)的控制電路 ·············································································.106
3.4 直流伺服電動機(jī) ································································································.108
3.4.1 直流伺服電動機(jī)的工作原理、類型、特點(diǎn)及工作特性 ······································.108
3.4.2 直流伺服電動機(jī)的速度控制方法 ·································································.113
3.5 交流伺服電動機(jī) ································································································.117
3.5.1 交流伺服電動機(jī)的分類及特點(diǎn) ····································································.118
3.5.2 交流伺服電動機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理 ······························································.118
3.5.3 交流伺服電動機(jī)的主要特性參數(shù) ·································································.121
3.5.4 交流同步伺服電動機(jī)的調(diào)速方法 ·································································.121
3.6 直線電動機(jī)傳動 ································································································.121
3.6.1 直線電動機(jī)的工作原理 ·············································································.122
3.6.2 直線電動機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式 ·············································································.122
3.6.3 直線電動機(jī)驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn) ·······································································.123
3.7 位置檢測裝置 ···································································································.123
3.7.1 概述 ·····································································································.123
3.7.2 常用的位置檢測裝置 ················································································.125
思考與練習(xí) ·············································································································.137
第4 章 數(shù)控加工工藝基礎(chǔ) ·························································································.139
4.1 數(shù)控加工工藝概述 ·····························································································.139
4.1.1 數(shù)控加工工藝的特點(diǎn) ················································································.139
4.1.2 數(shù)控加工工藝的內(nèi)容 ················································································.140
4.2 數(shù)控加工內(nèi)容的確定 ··························································································.141
4.2.1 適用數(shù)控加工的內(nèi)容 ················································································.141
4.2.2 不適用數(shù)控加工的內(nèi)容 ·············································································.141
4.3 數(shù)控加工零件的工藝性分析 ·················································································.141
4.3.1 數(shù)控加工零件的圖樣分析 ··········································································.142
4.3.2 數(shù)控加工零件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性分析 ·································································.143
4.4 數(shù)控加工工藝路線的設(shè)計 ····················································································.145
4.4.1 加工方法與加工方案的確定 ·······································································.146
4.4.2 工序的劃分 ····························································································.150
4.4.3 工步的劃分 ····························································································.152
4.4.4 加工順序的安排 ······················································································.153
4.4.5 數(shù)控加工工序與普通工序的銜接 ·································································.154
4.5 數(shù)控加工工序的設(shè)計 ··························································································.154
4.5.1 走刀路線的確定 ······················································································.154
4.5.2 零件的定位與安裝 ···················································································.164
4.5.3 數(shù)控加工刀具與工具系統(tǒng) ··········································································.169
4.5.4 對刀點(diǎn)、刀位點(diǎn)與換刀點(diǎn)的確定 ·································································.181
4.5.5 切削用量的確定 ······················································································.184
4.6 數(shù)控加工工藝文件的編制 ····················································································.189
4.6.1 工藝卡 ··································································································.189
4.6.2 工序卡 ··································································································.189
4.6.3 刀具卡 ··································································································.190
4.6.4 走刀路線圖 ····························································································.190
4.6.5 程序單 ··································································································.191
4.7 典型零件的數(shù)控加工工藝性分析 ···········································································.192
4.7.1 軸類零件的數(shù)控車削加工工藝性分析 ···························································.192
4.7.2 蓋板零件數(shù)控銑削加工工藝性分析 ······························································.194
思考與練習(xí) ·············································································································.199
第5 章 數(shù)控加工程序的編制 ·····················································································.202
5.1 概述 ···············································································································.202
5.2 數(shù)控編程基礎(chǔ) ···································································································.204
5.2.1 數(shù)控編程的方法 ······················································································.204
5.2.2 數(shù)控機(jī)床坐標(biāo)系 ······················································································.205
5.2.3 加工程序結(jié)構(gòu)與格式 ················································································.208
5.2.4 程序編制中的數(shù)值計算 ·············································································.209
5.3 數(shù)控銑削加工程序的編制 ····················································································.210
5.3.1 數(shù)控銑床和加工中心的編程特點(diǎn) ·································································.210
5.3.2 數(shù)控銑床及加工中心坐標(biāo)系的確定 ······························································.211
5.3.3 數(shù)控銑床和加工中心常用代碼 ····································································.212
5.3.4 刀具補(bǔ)償功能 ·························································································.223
5.3.5 子程序編程 ····························································································.227
5.3.6 孔加工固定循環(huán)指令代碼 ··········································································.230
5.3.7 數(shù)控銑床及加工中心編程實例 ····································································.238
5.4 數(shù)控車削加工程序的編制 ····················································································.245
5.4.1 編程特點(diǎn) ·······························································································.245
5.4.2 坐標(biāo)系的確定 ·························································································.246
5.4.3 數(shù)控車床常用的功能指令代碼 ····································································.248
5.4.4 車削固定循環(huán)指令代碼 ·············································································.255
5.4.5 螺紋加工指令代碼 ···················································································.266
5.4.6 刀具補(bǔ)償功能 ·························································································.275
5.4.7 子程序 ··································································································.281
5.4.8 數(shù)控車削加工編程實例 ·············································································.284
思考與練習(xí) ·············································································································.287
第6 章 數(shù)控機(jī)床的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu) ·····················································································.290
6.1 概述 ···············································································································.290
6.1.1 數(shù)控機(jī)床機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的組成 ··········································································.290
6.1.2 數(shù)控機(jī)床機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的主要特點(diǎn) ····································································.292
6.1.3 數(shù)控機(jī)床對機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的要求 ·······································································.293
6.2 數(shù)控機(jī)床整體布局 ·····························································································.295
6.2.1 數(shù)控車床的布局 ······················································································.295
6.2.2 數(shù)控銑床的布局 ······················································································.297
6.2.3 加工中心的布局 ······················································································.298
6.3 數(shù)控機(jī)床的主傳動系統(tǒng) ·······················································································.301
6.3.1 數(shù)控機(jī)床對主傳動系統(tǒng)的要求 ····································································.301
6.3.2 主傳動系統(tǒng)的傳動方式 ·············································································.302
6.3.3 主軸部件 ·······························································································.306
6.3.4 主軸潤滑與密封 ······················································································.316
6.4 數(shù)控機(jī)床的進(jìn)給系統(tǒng) ··························································································.318
6.4.1 對數(shù)控機(jī)床進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的要求 ·······································································.319
6.4.2 數(shù)控機(jī)床進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的形式 ··········································································.320
6.4.3 滾珠絲杠副 ····························································································.320
6.4.4 齒輪傳動副間隙的調(diào)整 ·············································································.327
6.5 數(shù)控機(jī)床的導(dǎo)軌 ································································································.329
6.5.1 數(shù)控機(jī)床對導(dǎo)軌的要求 ·············································································.330
6.5.2 數(shù)控機(jī)床導(dǎo)軌形狀和組合形式 ····································································.330
6.5.3 數(shù)控機(jī)床常用的導(dǎo)軌 ················································································.332
6.5.4 導(dǎo)軌的潤滑與防護(hù) ···················································································.336
6.6 數(shù)控機(jī)床的自動換刀裝置 ····················································································.338
6.6.1 數(shù)控車床的自動換刀裝置 ··········································································.338
6.6.2 加工中心自動換刀裝置 ·············································································.341
6.7 數(shù)控機(jī)床的回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺 ·······················································································.350
6.7.1 分度工作臺 ····························································································.350
6.7.2 數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺 ······················································································.353
思考與練習(xí) ·············································································································.355
參考文獻(xiàn) ·····················································································································.357