目錄
第1 章 緒論 ······································································.001
1.1 背景和意義 ····························································.002
1.1.1 碳達(dá)峰與碳中和 ··············································.002
1.1.2 風(fēng)電發(fā)展與棄風(fēng) ··············································.002
1.1.3 清潔供熱目標(biāo) ·················································.005
1.2 供熱技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀與問題 ·············································.007
1.2.1 現(xiàn)行規(guī)范 ·······················································.007
1.2.2 高溫?zé)崦脚c低品位可再生能源 ···························.008
1.2.3 熱力站間接連接 ··············································.010
1.2.4 要求熱泵出水溫度高 ········································.010
1.2.5 無補償冷安裝難以真正實現(xiàn) ······························.011
1.3 推進(jìn)低碳清潔供熱技術(shù)的途徑 ····································.011
1.4 研究現(xiàn)狀與分析 ······················································.014
第2 章 既有散熱器低溫運行存在的問題及解決方法 ··················.017
2.1 低溫運行存在的問題 ················································.022
2.1.1 散熱器面積的變化 ···········································.022
2.1.2 室內(nèi)溫度的變化 ··············································.028
2.2 低溫散熱器的應(yīng)用 ···················································.033
2.3 室內(nèi)混合供熱系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用 ··········································.035
2.3.1 散熱器和地板輻射串聯(lián)系統(tǒng) ······························.035
2.3.2 散熱器和毛細(xì)管串聯(lián)系統(tǒng) ·································.037
2.3.3 散熱器和谷電協(xié)調(diào)供熱·····································.037
第3 章 既有供熱系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)化為多能互補低溫區(qū)域供熱系統(tǒng) ············.039
3.1 單管區(qū)域供熱系統(tǒng) ···················································.042
3.1.1 單管系統(tǒng)的循環(huán)泵 ···········································.047
3.1.2 熱量分配 ·······················································.048
3.1.3 用戶供回水溫度 ··············································.048
3.1.4 單管系統(tǒng)的主要特點 ········································.049
3.2 雙管區(qū)域供熱系統(tǒng) ···················································.050
3.3 三管區(qū)域供熱系統(tǒng) ···················································.052
第4 章 多能互補低溫區(qū)域供熱系統(tǒng)熱源 ·································.055
4.1 基本熱源 ·······························································.056
4.1.1 區(qū)域性熱力站 ·················································.056
4.1.2 低溫核供熱堆 ·················································.056
4.1.3 垃圾焚燒鍋爐 ·················································.059
4.1.4 熱電廠 ··························································.059
4.2 集中調(diào)峰熱源 ·························································.060
4.2.1 生物質(zhì)鍋爐 ····················································.060
4.2.2 中深層地?zé)崮?·················································.061
4.3 能源站 ··································································.062
4.3.1 布置在單管系統(tǒng)的雙向能源站 ···························.063
4.3.2 布置在雙管系統(tǒng)的雙向能源站 ···························.067
4.3.3 布置在三管系統(tǒng)的雙向能源站 ···························.071
第5 章 既有供熱系統(tǒng)建設(shè)能源站設(shè)備的優(yōu)化方法 ·····················.075
5.1 新建能源站系統(tǒng)配置 ················································.076
5.2 清潔供熱系統(tǒng)的運行優(yōu)化 ··········································.077
5.2.1 運行優(yōu)化的目標(biāo)函數(shù) ········································.077
5.2.2 運行優(yōu)化的約束條件 ········································.079
5.2.3 決策變量 ·······················································.082
5.3 能源站設(shè)備容量優(yōu)化 ················································.082
5.3.1 設(shè)備容量優(yōu)化目標(biāo)函數(shù)·····································.082
5.3.2 設(shè)備容量優(yōu)化的約束條件 ·································.084
5.3.3 設(shè)備容量優(yōu)化的計算流程 ·································.085
5.4 能源站設(shè)備容量優(yōu)化案例及討論 ·································.085
5.4.1 綜合計算條件 ·················································.086
5.4.2 遺傳算法和模式搜索及其最優(yōu)解 ························.088
5.4.3 熱源各機組運行工況的對比分析 ························.090
5.4.4 分時電價和余熱量的影響 ·································.096
第6 章 既有能源系統(tǒng)配置低碳清潔熱源的優(yōu)化方法 ··················.099
6.1 低碳清潔熱源 ·························································.100
6.2 低碳清潔熱源裝機容量的優(yōu)化模型 ······························.101
6.2.1 設(shè)備容量優(yōu)化目標(biāo)函數(shù)與約束條件 ·····················.101
6.2.2 區(qū)域能源系統(tǒng)機組的能耗計算 ···························.104
6.2.3 區(qū)域能源系統(tǒng)總能耗費的優(yōu)化目標(biāo)函數(shù)與約束條件 .107
6.2.4 優(yōu)化計算流程 ·················································.111
6.3 低碳清潔熱源設(shè)備優(yōu)化配置案例 ·································.111
6.3.1 風(fēng)電場風(fēng)資源及風(fēng)電功率 ·································.111
6.3.2 區(qū)域能源系統(tǒng)的電源和熱源、電負(fù)荷和熱負(fù)荷 ······.113
6.3.3 既有區(qū)域能源系統(tǒng)設(shè)備的供電、供熱及系統(tǒng)棄風(fēng) ···.115
6.3.4 配置低碳清潔熱源的區(qū)域能源系統(tǒng)的仿真計算 ······.117
第7 章 供熱管網(wǎng)動態(tài)蓄放熱特性研究·····································.121
7.1 供熱管網(wǎng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)水力工況和熱力工況仿真 ·····················.122
7.1.1 管網(wǎng)物理結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)學(xué)建模 ·································.122
7.1.2 管網(wǎng)的水力仿真模型 ········································.122
7.1.3 供熱管網(wǎng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)熱力仿真模型 ···························.125
7.1.4 熱力仿真模型求解流程·····································.130
7.2 一級供熱管網(wǎng)簡化熱動態(tài)模型 ····································.131
7.3 供熱管道蓄放熱特性研究 ··········································.133
7.3.1 等額供熱控制 ·················································.134
7.3.2 管道蓄熱特征 ·················································.135
7.3.3 管道蓄放熱模式 ··············································.135
7.4 綜合改變溫度和流量的蓄熱量計算 ······························.138
7.4.1 一級供熱管網(wǎng)蓄熱量計算 ·································.138
7.4.2 集中供熱調(diào)節(jié)和管道蓄熱 ·································.139
第8 章 區(qū)域能源系統(tǒng)熱電協(xié)同優(yōu)化調(diào)度 ·································.143
8.1 簡介 ·····································································.144
8.2 熱電協(xié)同優(yōu)化調(diào)度 ···················································.148
8.2.1 目標(biāo)函數(shù) ·······················································.148
8.2.2 約束條件 ·······················································.150
8.3 熱電協(xié)同優(yōu)化調(diào)度目標(biāo)函數(shù)的求解 ······························.152
8.4 熱電協(xié)同優(yōu)化調(diào)度相關(guān)參數(shù)的設(shè)定 ······························.153
8.4.1 一級供熱管網(wǎng)管道動態(tài)蓄放熱特征參數(shù) ···············.153
8.4.2 風(fēng)電機組日發(fā)電功率模式與逐時電負(fù)荷 ···············.153
8.5 熱電協(xié)同優(yōu)化調(diào)度的仿真計算與分析 ···························.155
8.5.1 方案1 優(yōu)化調(diào)度的仿真結(jié)果與分析 ·····················.156
8.5.2 方案1 反調(diào)峰模式下的調(diào)度結(jié)果與分析 ···············.156
8.5.3 電熱泵和管道蓄放熱的風(fēng)電消納效果 ··················.163
8.5.4 組合方案4 各機組逐時熱電功率分析 ··················.164
參考文獻(xiàn) ············································································.169