目 錄
第1 章 緒論 ·················································································································.1
1.1 液壓與氣壓傳動基本原理、組成和圖形符號 ·······························································.2
1.1.1 液壓與氣壓傳動基本原理 ·············································································.2
1.1.2 液壓與氣壓傳動系統(tǒng)的組成 ··········································································.4
1.1.3 液壓傳動圖形符號 ······················································································.5
1.2 液壓與氣壓傳動的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) ·······················································································.6
1.2.1 液壓與氣壓傳動的優(yōu)點(diǎn) ················································································.6
1.2.2 液壓與氣壓傳動的缺點(diǎn) ················································································.6
1.3 液壓與氣壓傳動的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展 ·················································································.7
1.3.1 液壓與氣壓傳動的應(yīng)用 ················································································.7
1.3.2 液壓與氣壓傳動技術(shù)的發(fā)展 ··········································································.8
1.4 本書內(nèi)容安排 ······································································································.8
本章小結(jié) ···················································································································.9
思考與練習(xí) ················································································································.9
第2 章 液壓流體力學(xué) ·································································································.10
2.1 液體的主要物理性質(zhì) ···························································································.10
2.1.1 密度 ······································································································.10
2.1.2 壓縮性和膨脹性 ·······················································································.11
2.1.3 黏性 ······································································································.11
2.2 液體靜力學(xué) ·······································································································.13
2.2.1 液體所受的作用力 ····················································································.13
2.2.2 靜止液體微分方程的推導(dǎo) ···········································································.14
2.2.3 靜止液體微分方程的應(yīng)用 ···········································································.15
2.2.4 壓力的表示方法及單位 ··············································································.17
2.3 流動液體的力學(xué)基本規(guī)律 ·····················································································.18
2.3.1 經(jīng)典流體力學(xué)研究方法介紹 ········································································.18
2.3.2 流動液體力學(xué)的基本概念 ···········································································.19
2.3.3 流動液體的連續(xù)性方程 ··············································································.20
2.3.4 理想液體流動的微分方程 ···········································································.20
2.3.5 伯努利方程 ·····························································································.21
2.3.6 動量方程 ································································································.22
2.4 液體在流動中的能量損失 ·····················································································.24
2.4.1 流態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)和雷諾數(shù) ····················································································.24
2.4.2 液體圓管流動中的沿程壓力損失 ··································································.26
2.4.3 液體流動中的局部壓力損失 ········································································.29
2.4.4 管道系統(tǒng)中的總壓力損失和壓力效率 ····························································.30
2.5 液體在小孔和縫隙中的流動 ··················································································.32
2.5.1 液體在小孔中的流動 ·················································································.32
2.5.2 液體在縫隙中的流動 ·················································································.34
2.6 液壓卡緊問題 ····································································································.40
2.6.1 液壓卡緊的概念 ·······················································································.40
2.6.2 液壓卡緊現(xiàn)象的原因分析 ···········································································.40
2.6.3 解決液壓卡緊現(xiàn)象的措施 ···········································································.41
2.7 液壓沖擊 ··········································································································.41
2.7.1 閥門突然關(guān)閉引起液壓沖擊的物理過程 ·························································.42
2.7.2 液壓沖擊力的計(jì)算 ····················································································.42
2.7.3 減輕液壓沖擊的措施 ·················································································.43
2.8 空穴現(xiàn)象與氣蝕現(xiàn)象 ···························································································.43
2.8.1 空氣分離壓與飽和蒸汽壓 ···········································································.43
2.8.2 空穴現(xiàn)象 ································································································.44
2.8.3 氣蝕現(xiàn)象 ································································································.45
本章小結(jié) ·················································································································.45
思考與練習(xí) ··············································································································.45
第3 章 液壓泵和液壓馬達(dá) ··························································································.48
3.1 概述 ················································································································.49
3.1.1 工作原理 ································································································.49
3.1.2 液壓泵與液壓馬達(dá)的分類 ···········································································.50
3.1.3 液壓泵和液壓馬達(dá)的基本參數(shù) ·····································································.51
3.2 齒輪泵 ·············································································································.54
3.2.1 工作原理 ································································································.54
3.2.2 流量計(jì)算和流量脈動 ·················································································.55
3.2.3 外嚙合齒輪泵的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)及提高齒輪泵壓力的措施 ······························.56
3.2.4 齒輪液壓馬達(dá) ··························································································.59
3.3 葉片泵 ·············································································································.61
3.3.1 單作用葉片泵 ··························································································.61
3.3.2 雙作用葉片泵 ··························································································.63
3.3.3 葉片液壓馬達(dá) ··························································································.65
3.4 軸向柱塞泵 ·······································································································.65
3.4.1 斜盤式軸向柱塞泵的工作原理 ·····································································.66
3.4.2 斜盤式軸向柱塞泵典型結(jié)構(gòu) ········································································.67
3.4.3 總功率變量泵 ··························································································.73
3.5 負(fù)載敏感泵 ·······································································································.74
3.5.1 負(fù)載敏感泵的節(jié)能工作原理 ········································································.75
3.5.2 負(fù)載敏感泵的應(yīng)用 ····················································································.76
3.6 多作用內(nèi)曲線低速大轉(zhuǎn)矩液壓馬達(dá) ·········································································.78
3.6.1 結(jié)構(gòu)組成 ································································································.79
3.6.2 工作原理 ································································································.80
本章小結(jié) ·················································································································.80
思考與練習(xí) ··············································································································.81
第4 章 液壓缸 ···········································································································.82
4.1 液壓缸的分類和工作原理 ·····················································································.83
4.1.1 液壓缸的分類 ··························································································.83
4.1.2 液壓缸的工作原理 ····················································································.84
4.2 液壓缸的典型結(jié)構(gòu) ······························································································.90
4.2.1 液壓缸的結(jié)構(gòu)組成 ····················································································.90
4.2.2 液壓缸的主要零件及裝置 ···········································································.91
4.3 液壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算 ···························································································.95
4.3.1 液壓缸設(shè)計(jì)過程中應(yīng)注意的問題 ··································································.95
4.3.2 液壓缸的主要尺寸確定 ··············································································.96
4.3.3 液壓缸的強(qiáng)度校核 ····················································································.97
4.3.4 液壓缸的穩(wěn)定性校核 ·················································································.98
4.3.5 緩沖計(jì)算 ································································································.99
4.3.6 拉桿計(jì)算 ································································································.99
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.101
思考與練習(xí) ·············································································································.101
第5 章 液壓控制閥 ···································································································.103
5.1 概述 ···············································································································.104
5.1.1 按功用分類 ····························································································.104
5.1.2 按控制方式分類 ······················································································.104
5.1.3 按結(jié)構(gòu)形式分類 ······················································································.105
5.1.4 按連接方式分類 ······················································································.105
5.2 壓力控制閥 ······································································································.106
5.2.1 溢流閥 ··································································································.106
5.2.2 減壓閥 ··································································································.114
5.2.3 順序閥 ··································································································.116
5.2.4 平衡閥 ··································································································.117
5.2.5 專用平衡閥 ····························································································.118
5.2.6 壓力繼電器 ····························································································.119
5.3 流量控制閥 ······································································································.121
5.3.1 節(jié)流閥和單向節(jié)流閥 ················································································.122
5.3.2 調(diào)速閥 ··································································································.124
5.3.3 分流集流閥 ····························································································.126
5.3.4 單路穩(wěn)流閥 ····························································································.128
5.4 方向控制閥 ······································································································.131
5.4.1 單向閥 ··································································································.131
5.4.2 換向閥 ··································································································.135
5.5 工程機(jī)械常用液壓閥 ··························································································.142
5.5.1 多路換向閥 ····························································································.142
5.5.2 減壓閥式先導(dǎo)控制閥 ················································································.145
5.6 新型液壓閥 ······································································································.147
5.6.1 電液比例閥 ····························································································.147
5.6.2 數(shù)字閥 ··································································································.149
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.152
思考與練習(xí) ·············································································································.154
第6 章 液壓油和液壓系統(tǒng)輔助元件 ···········································································.156
6.1 液壓油 ············································································································.157
6.1.1 液壓系統(tǒng)對液壓油的基本要求 ····································································.157
6.1.2 液壓油的特性 ·························································································.157
6.1.3 液壓油的選擇和使用 ················································································.159
6.1.4 液壓油的污染及其控制 ·············································································.160
6.2 蓄能器 ············································································································.162
6.2.1 蓄能器的作用和分類 ················································································.162
6.2.2 蓄能器容積計(jì)算 ······················································································.164
6.2.3 蓄能器的使用和安裝 ················································································.166
6.3 濾油器 ············································································································.166
6.3.1 濾油器的分類 ·························································································.167
6.3.2 濾油器的選用和安裝 ················································································.169
6.4 油箱和熱交換器 ································································································.170
6.4.1 油箱 ·····································································································.170
6.4.2 熱交換器 ·······························································································.172
6.5 其他輔助元件 ···································································································.175
6.5.1 密封件 ··································································································.175
6.5.2 管件 ·····································································································.178
6.5.3 壓力表 ··································································································.181
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.181
思考與練習(xí) ·············································································································.181
第7 章 液壓基本回路 ································································································.183
7.1 壓力控制回路 ···································································································.184
7.1.1 調(diào)壓回路 ·······························································································.184
7.1.2 減壓回路 ·······························································································.186
7.1.3 增壓回路 ·······························································································.187
7.1.4 卸荷回路 ·······························································································.188
7.1.5 保壓回路 ·······························································································.190
7.1.6 緩沖補(bǔ)油回路 ·························································································.191
7.2 速度控制回路 ···································································································.194
7.2.1 調(diào)速回路 ·······························································································.194
7.2.2 平衡回路 ·······························································································.202
7.2.3 增速回路 ·······························································································.203
7.2.4 快慢速換接回路 ······················································································.204
7.3 方向控制回路 ···································································································.206
7.3.1 換向回路 ·······························································································.206
7.3.2 浮動回路 ·······························································································.207
7.3.3 鎖緊回路 ·······························································································.209
7.4 多執(zhí)行元件控制回路 ··························································································.211
7.4.1 順序動作回路 ·························································································.212
7.4.2 同步回路 ·······························································································.215
7.4.3 多缸快慢速互不干擾回路 ··········································································.216
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.218
思考與練習(xí) ·············································································································.218
第8 章 典型液壓系統(tǒng) ································································································.222
8.1 組合機(jī)床動力滑臺液壓系統(tǒng) ·················································································.223
8.1.1 YT 4543 型動力滑臺液壓系統(tǒng)的性能要求 ······················································.223
8.1.2 YT 4543 型動力滑臺液壓系統(tǒng)的工作原理 ······················································.224
8.1.3 YT 4543 型動力滑臺液壓系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn) ····························································.226
8.2 液壓機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng) ································································································.226
8.2.1 YB 32-200 型液壓機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的性能要求 ······················································.226
8.2.2 YB 32-200 型液壓機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的工作原理 ······················································.227
8.2.3 YB 32-200 型液壓機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn) ····························································.230
8.3 汽車起重機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng) ··························································································.231
8.3.1 Q 2-8 型汽車起重機(jī)的液壓系統(tǒng)性能要求 ······················································.231
8.3.2 Q 2-8 型汽車起重機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的工作原理 ······················································.231
8.3.3 Q 2-8 型汽車起重機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn) ····························································.234
8.4 塑料注射成形機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng) ····················································································.234
8.4.1 塑料注射成形機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的性能要求 ···························································.236
8.4.2 塑料注射成形機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的工作原理 ···························································.236
8.4.3 塑料注射成形機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn) ·································································.238
8.5 挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng) ································································································.239
8.5.1 挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的性能要求 ·······································································.239
8.5.2 挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的工作原理 ·······································································.239
8.5.3 YW-60 型挖掘機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn) ·································································.243
8.6 帶鋼張力電液伺服液壓系統(tǒng) ·················································································.244
8.6.1 帶鋼張力電液伺服液壓系統(tǒng)的性能要求 ························································.244
8.6.2 帶鋼張力電液伺服液壓系統(tǒng)的工作原理 ························································.244
8.6.3 帶鋼張力電液伺服液壓系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn) ······························································.245
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.245
思考與練習(xí) ·············································································································.245
第9 章 液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算 ·····················································································.247
9.1 液壓系統(tǒng)的一般設(shè)計(jì)流程 ····················································································.248
9.2 系統(tǒng)工況分析與負(fù)載匹配 ····················································································.248
9.2.1 負(fù)載分析與負(fù)載循環(huán)圖 ·············································································.249
9.2.2 運(yùn)動分析及運(yùn)動循環(huán)圖 ·············································································.252
9.2.3 負(fù)載匹配 ·······························································································.253
9.3 液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) ···································································································.254
9.3.1 確定系統(tǒng)主要參數(shù) ···················································································.254
9.3.2 擬定液壓系統(tǒng)工作原理圖 ··········································································.258
9.3.3 液壓元件的選型 ······················································································.260
9.3.4 液壓系統(tǒng)性能驗(yàn)算 ···················································································.266
9.3.5 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及技術(shù)文件編制 ··········································································.268
9.4 液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例 ·····························································································.271
9.4.1 系統(tǒng)工況分析 ·························································································.271
9.4.2 主要參數(shù)的確定 ······················································································.272
9.4.3 擬定液壓系統(tǒng)工作原理圖 ··········································································.274
9.4.4 液壓元件的選擇 ······················································································.277
9.4.5 液壓系統(tǒng)的性能驗(yàn)算 ················································································.279
9.5 液壓系統(tǒng)動態(tài)特性分析 ·······················································································.279
9.5.1 液壓系統(tǒng)動態(tài)特性分析的作用 ····································································.279
9.5.2 液壓系統(tǒng)動態(tài)特性分析的內(nèi)容和方法 ···························································.281
9.5.3 系統(tǒng)數(shù)學(xué)模型 ·························································································.285
9.5.4 動態(tài)特性分析實(shí)例 ···················································································.285
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.293
思考與練習(xí) ·············································································································.293
第10 章 氣壓傳動 ·····································································································.294
10.1 氣壓傳動概述 ·································································································.295
10.1.1 氣壓傳動的特點(diǎn) ·····················································································.295
10.1.2 氣壓傳動系統(tǒng)的組成 ···············································································.295
10.2 氣動元件 ·······································································································.296
10.2.1 氣源裝置 ······························································································.297
10.2.2 輔助元件 ······························································································.300
10.2.3 氣動執(zhí)行元件 ························································································.301
10.2.4 氣動控制元件 ························································································.303
10.2.5 氣動邏輯元件 ························································································.309
10.3 氣動基本回路 ·································································································.313
10.3.1 方向控制回路 ························································································.313
10.3.2 壓力控制回路 ························································································.313
10.3.3 速度控制回路 ························································································.314
10.3.4 其他回路 ······························································································.317
10.4 氣動系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用實(shí)例 ···························································································.319
10.4.1 氣液動力滑臺的氣動系統(tǒng) ·········································································.320
10.4.2 射芯機(jī)氣動系統(tǒng) ·····················································································.321
本章小結(jié) ················································································································.323
思考與練習(xí) ·············································································································.323
參考文獻(xiàn) ·····················································································································.324
附錄 GBT 786.1—2009《流體傳動系統(tǒng)及元件圖形符號和回路圖》（節(jié)選） ···············.326