原 理 篇
第1 章 BFE 簡介·····························································································3
1.1 什么是BFE·························································································3
1.2 BFE平臺介紹·····················································································4
1.2.1 為什么需要構(gòu)建BFE 平臺·····················································4
1.2.2 BFE平臺的主要功能·····························································6
1.3 BFE開源項目介紹·············································································7
1.3.1 BFE平臺的模塊組成·····························································7
1.3.2 BFE開源項目中的內(nèi)容··························································9
第2 章 網(wǎng)絡前端接入技術(shù)簡介·····································································10
2.1 什么是網(wǎng)絡前端接入········································································10
2.2 網(wǎng)絡前端接入面臨的挑戰(zhàn)································································11
2.3 百度的網(wǎng)絡前端接入方案································································13
2.4 網(wǎng)絡前端接入技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢························································15
第3 章 網(wǎng)絡負載均衡技術(shù)簡介·····································································24
3.1 負載均衡的概念···············································································24
3.2 網(wǎng)絡負載均衡功能的實現(xiàn)································································25
深入理解BFE
·VI·
3.2.1 機制說明···············································································25
3.2.2 兩種方式對比········································································27
3.3 四層負載均衡和七層負載均衡························································28
設 計 篇
第4 章 BFE 的設計思想················································································33
4.1 BFE轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)引擎重構(gòu)的緣起································································33
4.2 BFE為什么要基于Go 語言·····························································34
4.3 BFE轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)引擎的主要設計思想························································37
4.4 BFE和相關開源項目的對比····························································38
第5 章 BFE 的轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)模型················································································42
5.1 轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)模型概述···················································································42
5.1.1 基本概念···············································································42
5.1.2 轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)過程···············································································43
5.1.3 對多租戶實現(xiàn)機制的討論····················································46
5.2 BFE的路由轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)機制·······································································47
5.3 條件表達式·······················································································49
5.3.1 設計思想···············································································49
5.3.2 基本概念···············································································50
5.3.3 語法介紹···············································································51
5.3.4 條件原語匹配的內(nèi)容····························································52
5.3.5 條件原語名稱的規(guī)范····························································54
5.4 內(nèi)網(wǎng)流量調(diào)度機制············································································55
5.4.1 內(nèi)網(wǎng)流量調(diào)度背景介紹························································55
5.4.2 內(nèi)網(wǎng)流量調(diào)度工作機制························································60
目 錄
·VII·
5.4.3 內(nèi)網(wǎng)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的其他機制····························································65
第6 章 與轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)相關的關鍵機制·····································································68
6.1 健康檢查機制···················································································68
6.1.1 健康檢查的原理····································································69
6.1.2 主動健康檢查和被動健康檢查············································69
6.1.3 分布式健康檢查和集中式健康檢查····································73
6.1.4 BFE的健康檢查···································································77
6.2 超時設置···························································································77
6.2.1 BFE和客戶端間通信的超時················································78
6.2.2 BFE和后端實例間通信的超時············································81
6.3 BFE信息透傳···················································································84
6.3.1 客戶端IP地址的透傳··························································84
6.3.2 其他信息的透傳····································································85
6.4 限流機制···························································································89
6.4.1 限流的概念···········································································89
6.4.2 限流的配置···········································································91
6.4.3 分布式限流···········································································91
6.4.4 入口限流和目的限流····························································94
6.4.5 限流和內(nèi)網(wǎng)流量調(diào)度····························································95
第7 章 運維相關機制····················································································97
7.1 監(jiān)控機制···························································································97
7.1.1 日志監(jiān)控及其問題································································98
7.1.2 BFE的內(nèi)部狀態(tài)輸出···························································99
7.1.3 統(tǒng)計狀態(tài)和日志的配合使用··············································101
深入理解BFE
·VIII·
7.2 Web Monitor基礎庫·······································································101
7.2.1 Web Monitor概述·······························································102
7.2.2 狀態(tài)變量維護······································································102
7.2.3 延遲統(tǒng)計變量維護······························································104
7.2.4 建立專用的Web服務器·····················································106
7.2.5 注冊回調(diào)函數(shù)······································································107
7.3 日志機制·························································································108
7.3.1 日志類型·············································································108
7.3.2 日志打印的注意事項··························································109
7.3.3 BFE的訪問日志·································································110
7.4 配置管理························································································.111
7.4.1 BFE配置文件的分布·························································.111
7.4.2 常規(guī)配置和動態(tài)配置··························································112
7.4.3 動態(tài)配置的實現(xiàn)機制··························································113
第8 章 HTTPS 的優(yōu)化················································································116
8.1 HTTPS優(yōu)化背景及必要性·····························································116
8.2 HTTPS優(yōu)化的挑戰(zhàn)········································································117
8.3 HTTPS中的優(yōu)化機制·····································································118
8.4 BFE中HTTPS 相關增強機制························································120
操 作 篇
第9 章 BFE 服務的安裝部署······································································129
9.1 軟件安裝包下載安裝······································································129
9.2 源代碼編譯方式安裝······································································132
9.3 Docker方式安裝·············································································133
目 錄
·IX·
9.4 BFE命令行參數(shù)·············································································134
9.5 查看BFE 服務的運行狀態(tài)·····························································135
第10 章 BFE 服務的基礎配置····································································136
10.1 場景說明·······················································································136
10.2 修改基礎配置文件········································································137
10.3 轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的配置···················································································138
10.3.1 轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)配置流程····································································138
10.3.2 具體案例···········································································139
10.3.3 服務訪問驗證····································································146
10.3.4 配置的重新加載································································146
第11 章 配置負載均衡算法及會話保持·····················································147
11.1 子集群間的負載均衡····································································147
11.2 子集群級別的會話保持································································149
11.2.1 配置實例···········································································149
11.2.2 參數(shù)的具體含義································································150
11.3 實例間的負載均衡········································································151
11.3.1 加權(quán)輪詢配置示例····························································151
11.3.2 最小連接數(shù)的配置示例····················································153
11.4 實例級別的會話保持····································································154
第12 章 配置HTTPS 和更多協(xié)議·····························································155
12.1 設置HTTPS 基礎配置··································································155
12.1.1 配置HTTPS 端口·····························································156
12.1.2 配置加密套件····································································156
12.1.3 配置服務端證書································································156
深入理解BFE
·X·
12.1.4 配置TLS 規(guī)則···································································157
12.2 配置TLS 會話重用·······································································158
12.2.1 配置會話緩存····································································159
12.2.2 配置會話票證····································································160
12.3 配置TLS 雙向認證·······································································161
12.4 對不同安全等級的區(qū)分································································163
12.5 支持更多協(xié)議···············································································164
12.5.1 HTTP/2配置·····································································165
12.5.2 SPDY 配置········································································166
12.5.3 WebSocket配置·································································167
12.5.4 連接后端服務的協(xié)議························································169
第13 章 其他常用配置················································································171
13.1 配置重寫·······················································································171
13.1.1 開啟重寫···········································································171
13.1.2 模塊配置···········································································171
13.1.3 重寫動作詳細描述····························································173
13.2 配置重定向···················································································177
13.2.1 開啟重定向········································································177
13.2.2 模塊配置···········································································177
13.2.3 重定向動作詳細描述························································178
13.3 配置限流功能···············································································180
13.3.1 開啟限流模塊····································································180
13.3.2 模塊配置···········································································181
13.3.3 限制特定維度的流量························································182
13.3.4 設置限流門限····································································183
13.3.5 設置限流動作····································································184
目 錄
·XI·
實 現(xiàn) 篇
第14 章 其他常用配置················································································187
14.1 BFE的代碼組織···········································································187
14.2 BFE的進程模型···········································································190
14.2.1 協(xié)程的分類·······································································190
14.2.2 并發(fā)模型···········································································191
14.2.3 并發(fā)能力···········································································192
14.2.4 異�；謴蜋C制····································································192
14.3 請求處理流程···············································································193
14.3.1 連接的建立·······································································193
14.3.2 連接的處理·······································································194
14.3.3 請求的處理·······································································196
14.3.4 請求的結(jié)束·······································································198
14.3.5 連接的結(jié)束·······································································199
14.4 請求路由實現(xiàn)···············································································199
14.4.1 關鍵數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)····································································200
14.4.2 目的租戶路由····································································203
14.4.3 目的集群路由····································································204
14.5 負載均衡實現(xiàn)···············································································206
14.5.1 全局負載均衡····································································207
14.5.2 分布式負載均衡································································210
第15 章 模塊插件機制················································································214
15.1 BFE的回調(diào)點設置·······································································214
15.2 BFE內(nèi)置的擴展模塊···································································216
15.3 模塊框架的實現(xiàn)機制····································································217
深入理解BFE
·XII·
15.3.1 模塊基礎類型····································································217
15.3.2 連接/請求處理及回調(diào)函數(shù)的調(diào)用···································223
15.4 如何開發(fā)BFE擴展模塊·······························································224
15.4.1 配置加載···········································································225
15.4.2 回調(diào)函數(shù)的編寫和注冊····················································226
15.4.3 模塊狀態(tài)的展示································································228
第16 章 核心協(xié)議實現(xiàn)················································································231
16.1 HTTP的實現(xiàn)················································································231
16.1.1 HTTP 代碼的組織·····························································231
16.1.2 從用戶讀取HTTP 請求····················································233
16.1.3 向后端轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)請求并獲取響應············································236
16.1.4 向用戶回復HTTP 響應····················································239
16.2 HTTP2的實現(xiàn)··············································································240
16.2.1 HTTP2 代碼的組織···························································240
16.2.2 HTTP2 連接處理模塊·······················································241
16.2.3 HTTP2 連接相關協(xié)程及關系···········································243
第17 章 BFE 的多進程GC 機制································································249
17.1 模型設計·······················································································249
17.1.1 多進程輪轉(zhuǎn)機制································································250
17.1.2 子進程狀態(tài)定義································································252
17.2 相關參數(shù)的確定············································································253
17.2.1 切換時間參數(shù)的選擇························································253
17.2.2 子進程數(shù)量的計算····························································255
17.2.3 內(nèi)存消耗的計算································································256