第1 章 工欲善其事，必先利其器 ·····································································.1
1.1 代碼編輯工具：Vim ·············································································.2
1.1.1 安裝Vim ·················································································.2
1.1.2 Vim 常用命令 ············································································.3
1.1.3 Vim 配置文件：vimrc ··································································.6
1.1.4 Vim 的按鍵映射 ·········································································.8
1.2 程序編譯工具：make ···········································································.10
1.2.1 使用IDE 編譯C 程序 ·································································.10
1.2.2 使用gcc 編譯C 源程序 ·······························································.11
1.2.3 使用make 編譯程序 ···································································.14
1.3 代碼管理工具：Git ·············································································.16
1.3.1 什么是版本控制系統(tǒng) ··································································.16
1.3.2 Git 的安裝和配置 ······································································.18
1.3.3 Git 常用命令 ············································································.18
第2 章 計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu)與CPU 工作原理 ·························································.21
2.1 一顆芯片是怎樣誕生的 ········································································.22
2.1.1 從沙子到單晶硅 ········································································.22
2.1.2 PN 結(jié)的工作原理 ······································································.24
2.1.3 從PN 結(jié)到芯片電路 ···································································.26
2.1.4 芯片的封裝 ··············································································.28
2.2 一顆CPU 是怎么設(shè)計(jì)出來的 ·································································.29
2.2.1 計(jì)算機(jī)理論基石：圖靈機(jī) ····························································.30
嵌入式C 語言自我修養(yǎng)——從芯片、編譯器到操作系統(tǒng)
? XIV ?
2.2.2 CPU 內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理 ····························································.31
2.2.3 CPU 設(shè)計(jì)流程 ··········································································.33
2.3 計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu) ·················································································.37
2.3.1 馮·諾依曼架構(gòu) ··········································································.38
2.3.2 哈弗架構(gòu) ················································································.38
2.3.3 混合架構(gòu) ················································································.38
2.4 CPU 性能提升：Cache 機(jī)制 ···································································.39
2.4.1 Cache 的工作原理 ······································································.39
2.4.2 一級(jí)Cache 和二級(jí)Cache ·····························································.41
2.4.3 為什么有些處理器沒有Cache ·······················································.42
2.5 CPU 性能提升：流水線 ········································································.42
2.5.1 流水線工作原理 ········································································.43
2.5.2 超流水線技術(shù) ···········································································.44
2.5.3 流水線冒險(xiǎn) ··············································································.47
2.5.4 分支預(yù)測(cè) ················································································.49
2.5.5 亂序執(zhí)行 ················································································.50
2.5.6 SIMD 和NEON ········································································.51
2.5.7 單發(fā)射和多發(fā)射 ········································································.52
2.6 多核CPU ·························································································.54
2.6.1 單核處理器的瓶頸 ·····································································.54
2.6.2 片上多核互連技術(shù) ·····································································.55
2.6.3 big.LITTLE 結(jié)構(gòu) ·······································································.58
2.6.4 超線程技術(shù) ··············································································.59
2.6.5 CPU 核數(shù)越多越好嗎 ··································································.61
2.7 后摩爾時(shí)代：異構(gòu)計(jì)算的崛起 ································································.62
2.7.1 什么是異構(gòu)計(jì)算 ········································································.62
2.7.2 GPU ······················································································.63
2.7.3 DSP ·······················································································.64
2.7.4 FPGA ·····················································································.64
2.7.5 TPU ·······················································································.65
2.7.6 NPU ······················································································.67
2.7.7 后摩爾時(shí)代的XPU 們 ·································································.70
目 錄
? XV ?
2.8 總線與地址 ·······················································································.71
2.8.1 地址的本質(zhì) ··············································································.72
2.8.2 總線的概念 ··············································································.73
2.8.3 總線編址方式 ···········································································.74
2.9 指令集與微架構(gòu) ·················································································.74
2.9.1 什么是指令集 ···········································································.75
2.9.2 什么是微架構(gòu) ···········································································.76
2.9.3 指令助記符：匯編語言 ·······························································.79
第3 章 ARM 體系結(jié)構(gòu)與匯編語言 ··································································.81
3.1 ARM 體系結(jié)構(gòu) ··················································································.81
3.2 ARM 匯編指令 ··················································································.84
3.2.1 存儲(chǔ)訪問指令 ···········································································.85
3.2.2 數(shù)據(jù)傳送指令 ···········································································.87
3.2.3 算術(shù)邏輯運(yùn)算指令 ·····································································.87
3.2.4 操作數(shù)：operand2 詳解 ·······························································.88
3.2.5 比較指令 ················································································.88
3.2.6 條件執(zhí)行指令 ···········································································.89
3.2.7 跳轉(zhuǎn)指令 ················································································.90
3.3 ARM 尋址方式 ··················································································.91
3.3.1 寄存器尋址 ··············································································.91
3.3.2 立即數(shù)尋址 ··············································································.91
3.3.3 寄存器偏移尋址 ········································································.92
3.3.4 寄存器間接尋址 ········································································.92
3.3.5 基址尋址 ················································································.92
3.3.6 多寄存器尋址 ···········································································.92
3.3.7 相對(duì)尋址 ················································································.93
3.4 ARM 偽指令 ·····················································································.94
3.4.1 LDR 偽指令 ·············································································.94
3.4.2 ADR 偽指令 ·············································································.96
3.5 ARM 匯編程序設(shè)計(jì)·············································································.97
3.5.1 ARM 匯編程序格式 ···································································.97
嵌入式C 語言自我修養(yǎng)——從芯片、編譯器到操作系統(tǒng)
? XVI ?
3.5.2 符號(hào)與標(biāo)號(hào) ··············································································.98
3.5.3 偽操作 ···················································································.99
3.6 C 語言和匯編語言混合編程 ·································································.101
3.6.1 ATPCS 規(guī)則 ···········································································.101
3.6.2 在C 程序中內(nèi)嵌匯編代碼 ··························································.103
3.6.3 在匯編程序中調(diào)用C 程序 ··························································.104
3.7 GNU ARM 匯編語言 ·········································································.105
3.7.1 重新認(rèn)識(shí)編譯器 ······································································.105
3.7.2 GNU ARM 編譯器的偽操作 ························································.107
3.7.3 GNU ARM 匯編語言中的標(biāo)號(hào) ·····················································.108
3.7.4 .section 偽操作 ········································································.109
3.7.5 基本數(shù)據(jù)格式 ·········································································.110
3.7.6 數(shù)據(jù)定義 ··············································································.110
3.7.7 匯編代碼分析實(shí)戰(zhàn) ···································································.111
第4 章 程序的編譯、鏈接、安裝和運(yùn)行 ·························································.114
4.1 從源程序到二進(jìn)制文件 ······································································.115
4.2 預(yù)處理過程 ·····················································································.120
4.3 程序的編譯 ·····················································································.123
4.3.1 從C 文件到匯編文件 ································································.124
4.3.2 匯編過程 ··············································································.127
4.3.3 符號(hào)表與重定位表 ···································································.129
4.4 鏈接過程························································································.132
4.4.1 分段組裝 ··············································································.132
4.4.2 符號(hào)決議 ··············································································.136
4.4.3 重定位 ·················································································.140
4.5 程序的安裝 ·····················································································.142
4.5.1 程序安裝的本質(zhì) ······································································.142
4.5.2 在Linux 下制作軟件安裝包 ························································.143
4.5.3 使用apt-get 在線安裝軟件 ··························································.145
4.5.4 在Windows 下制作軟件安裝包 ····················································.147
目 錄
? XVII ?
4.6 程序的運(yùn)行 ·····················································································.150
4.6.1 操作系統(tǒng)環(huán)境下的程序運(yùn)行 ·······················································.150
4.6.2 裸機(jī)環(huán)境下的程序運(yùn)行 ·····························································.153
4.6.3 程序入口main()函數(shù)分析 ···························································.154
4.6.4 BSS 段的小秘密 ······································································.157
4.7 鏈接靜態(tài)庫 ·····················································································.158
4.8 動(dòng)態(tài)鏈接························································································.162
4.8.1 與地址無關(guān)的代碼 ···································································.164
4.8.2 全局偏移表 ············································································.165
4.8.3 延遲綁定 ··············································································.166
4.8.4 共享庫 ·················································································.168
4.9 插件的工作原理 ···············································································.169
4.10 Linux 內(nèi)核模塊運(yùn)行機(jī)制 ···································································.171
4.11 Linux 內(nèi)核編譯和啟動(dòng)分析 ································································.174
4.12 U-boot 重定位分析 ··········································································.179
4.13 常用的binutils 工具集 ······································································.185
第5 章 內(nèi)存堆棧管理 ·················································································.188
5.1 程序運(yùn)行的“馬甲”：進(jìn)程 ·································································.189
5.2 Linux 環(huán)境下的內(nèi)存管理 ····································································.190
5.3 棧的管理························································································.192
5.3.1 棧的初始化 ············································································.193
5.3.2 函數(shù)調(diào)用 ··············································································.195
5.3.3 參數(shù)傳遞 ··············································································.199
5.3.4 形參與實(shí)參 ············································································.201
5.3.5 棧與作用域 ············································································.206
5.3.6 棧溢出攻擊原理 ······································································.208
5.4 堆內(nèi)存管理 ·····················································································.210
5.4.1 裸機(jī)環(huán)境下的堆內(nèi)存管理 ··························································.212
5.4.2 uC/OS 的堆內(nèi)存管理 ································································.213
5.4.3 Linux 堆內(nèi)存管理 ····································································.219
5.4.4 堆內(nèi)存測(cè)試程序 ······································································.227
嵌入式C 語言自我修養(yǎng)——從芯片、編譯器到操作系統(tǒng)
? XVIII ?
5.4.5 實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的堆管理器 ································································.229
5.5 mmap 映射區(qū)域探秘 ··········································································.233
5.5.1 將文件映射到內(nèi)存 ···································································.236
5.5.2 mmap 映射實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)制分析 ···························································.239
5.5.3 把設(shè)備映射到內(nèi)存 ···································································.240
5.5.4 多進(jìn)程共享動(dòng)態(tài)庫 ···································································.243
5.6 內(nèi)存泄漏與防范 ···············································································.245
5.6.1 一個(gè)內(nèi)存泄漏的例子 ································································.245
5.6.2 預(yù)防內(nèi)存泄漏 ·········································································.246
5.6.3 內(nèi)存泄漏檢測(cè)：MTrace ·····························································.248
5.6.4 廣義上的內(nèi)存泄漏 ···································································.250
5.7 常見的內(nèi)存錯(cuò)誤及檢測(cè) ······································································.251
5.7.1 總有一個(gè)Bug，讓你淚流滿面 ·····················································.253
5.7.2 使用core dump 調(diào)試段錯(cuò)誤 ························································.254
5.7.3 什么是內(nèi)存踩踏 ······································································.256
5.7.4 內(nèi)存踩踏監(jiān)測(cè)：mprotect ····························································.257
5.7.5 內(nèi)存檢測(cè)神器：Valgrind ····························································.259
第6 章 GNU C 編譯器擴(kuò)展語法精講 ·····························································.263
6.1 C 語言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和編譯器 ·········································································.264
6.1.1 什么是C 語言標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ··································································.264
6.1.2 C 語言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的內(nèi)容 ···································································.265
6.1.3 C 語言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的發(fā)展過程 ·····························································.265
6.1.4 編譯器對(duì)C 語言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的支持 ·······················································.268
6.1.5 編譯器對(duì)C 語言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的擴(kuò)展 ·······················································.268
6.2 指定初始化 ·····················································································.269
6.2.1 指定初始化數(shù)組元素 ································································.269
6.2.2 指定初始化結(jié)構(gòu)體成員 ·····························································.271
6.2.3 Linux 內(nèi)核驅(qū)動(dòng)注冊(cè) ·································································.271
6.2.4 指定初始化的好處 ···································································.273
6.3 宏構(gòu)造“利器”：語句表達(dá)式 ······························································.273
6.3.1 表達(dá)式、語句和代碼塊 ·····························································.273
目 錄
? XIX ?
6.3.2 語句表達(dá)式 ············································································.274
6.3.3 在宏定義中使用語句表達(dá)式 ·······················································.276
6.3.4 內(nèi)核中的語句表達(dá)式 ································································.280
6.4 typeof 與container_of 宏 ·····································································.280
6.4.1 typeof 關(guān)鍵字 ·········································································.280
6.4.2 typeof 使用示例 ······································································.281
6.4.3 Linux 內(nèi)核中的container_of 宏 ····················································.281
6.4.4 container_of 宏實(shí)現(xiàn)分析 ····························································.283
6.5 零長(zhǎng)度數(shù)組 ·····················································································.286
6.5.1 什么是零長(zhǎng)度數(shù)組 ···································································.286
6.5.2 零長(zhǎng)度數(shù)組使用示例 ································································.288
6.5.3 內(nèi)核中的零長(zhǎng)度數(shù)組 ································································.288
6.5.4 思考：指針與零長(zhǎng)度數(shù)組 ··························································.290
6.6 屬性聲明：section·············································································.292
6.6.1 GNU C 編譯器擴(kuò)展關(guān)鍵字：__attribute__ ·······································.292
6.6.2 屬性聲明：section ···································································.294
6.6.3 U-boot 鏡像自復(fù)制分析 ·····························································.297
6.7 屬性聲明：aligned ············································································.299
6.7.1 地址對(duì)齊：aligned ···································································.299
6.7.2 結(jié)構(gòu)體的對(duì)齊 ·········································································.302
6.7.3 思考：編譯器一定會(huì)按照aligned 指定的方式對(duì)齊嗎 ·························.304
6.7.4 屬性聲明：packed ···································································.305
6.7.5 內(nèi)核中的aligned、packed 聲明 ····················································.306
6.8 屬性聲明：format ·············································································.306
6.8.1 變參函數(shù)的格式檢查 ································································.306
6.8.2 變參函數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn) ·····························································.308
6.8.3 實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的日志打印函數(shù) ··························································.312
6.9 屬性聲明：weak ···············································································.314
6.9.1 強(qiáng)符號(hào)和弱符號(hào) ······································································.314
6.9.2 函數(shù)的強(qiáng)符號(hào)與弱符號(hào) ·····························································.316
6.9.3 弱符號(hào)的用途 ·········································································.317
6.9.4 屬性聲明：alias ······································································.319
嵌入式C 語言自我修養(yǎng)——從芯片、編譯器到操作系統(tǒng)
? XX ?
6.10 內(nèi)聯(lián)函數(shù) ······················································································.320
6.10.1 屬性聲明：noinline ·································································.320
6.10.2 什么是內(nèi)聯(lián)函數(shù) ····································································.320
6.10.3 內(nèi)聯(lián)函數(shù)與宏 ·······································································.321
6.10.4 編譯器對(duì)內(nèi)聯(lián)函數(shù)的處理 ·························································.322
6.10.5 思考：內(nèi)聯(lián)函數(shù)為什么定義在頭文件中 ········································.324
6.11 內(nèi)建函數(shù) ······················································································.324
6.11.1 什么是內(nèi)建函數(shù) ····································································.324
6.11.2 常用的內(nèi)建函數(shù) ····································································.325
6.11.3 C 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫的內(nèi)建函數(shù) ·······························································.328
6.11.4 內(nèi)建函數(shù)：__builtin_constant_p(n) ···············································.328
6.11.5 內(nèi)建函數(shù)：__builtin_expect(exp,c) ···············································.329
6.11.6 Linux 內(nèi)核中的likely 和unlikely ················································.330
6.12 可變參數(shù)宏 ···················································································.333
6.12.1 什么是可變參數(shù)宏 ··································································.334
6.12.2 繼續(xù)改進(jìn)我們的宏 ··································································.335
6.12.3 可變參數(shù)宏的另一種寫法 ·························································.336
6.12.4 內(nèi)核中的可變參數(shù)宏 ·······························································.336
第7 章 數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)與指針 ··············································································.339
7.1 數(shù)據(jù)類型與存儲(chǔ) ···············································································.340
7.1.1 大端模式與小端模式 ································································.340
7.1.2 有符號(hào)數(shù)和無符號(hào)數(shù) ································································.343
7.1.3 數(shù)據(jù)溢出 ··············································································.345
7.1.4 數(shù)據(jù)類型轉(zhuǎn)換 ·········································································.348
7.2 數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)齊························································································.352
7.2.1 為什么要數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)齊 ···································································.352
7.2.2 結(jié)構(gòu)體對(duì)齊 ············································································.353
7.2.3 聯(lián)合體對(duì)齊 ············································································.356
7.3 數(shù)據(jù)的可移植性 ···············································································.358
7.4 Linux 內(nèi)核中的size_t 類型 ··································································.360
7.5 為什么很多人編程時(shí)喜歡用typedef ·······················································.361
目 錄
? XXI ?
7.5.1 typedef 的基本用法 ··································································.361
7.5.2 使用typedef 的優(yōu)勢(shì) ··································································.364
7.5.3 使用typedef 需要注意的地方 ······················································.366
7.5.4 typedef 的作用域 ·····································································.368
7.5.5 如何避免typedef 被大量濫用 ······················································.368
7.6 枚舉類型························································································.369
7.6.1 使用枚舉的三種方法 ································································.370
7.6.2 枚舉的本質(zhì) ············································································.370
7.6.3 Linux 內(nèi)核中的枚舉類型 ···························································.372
7.6.4 使用枚舉需要注意的地方 ··························································.372
7.7 常量和變量 ·····················································································.373
7.7.1 變量的本質(zhì) ············································································.374
7.7.2 常量存儲(chǔ) ··············································································.376
7.7.3 常量折疊 ··············································································.377
7.8 從變量到指針 ··················································································.378
7.8.1 指針的本質(zhì) ············································································.379
7.8.2 一些復(fù)雜的指針聲明 ································································.381
7.8.3 指針類型與運(yùn)算 ······································································.383
7.9 指針與數(shù)組的“曖昧”關(guān)系 ·································································.386
7.9.1 下標(biāo)運(yùn)算符[] ··········································································.388
7.9.2 數(shù)組名的本質(zhì) ·········································································.389
7.9.3 指針數(shù)組與數(shù)組指針 ································································.392
7.10 指針與結(jié)構(gòu)體 ················································································.395
7.11 二級(jí)指針 ······················································································.399
7.11.1 修改指針變量的值 ··································································.400
7.11.2 二維指針和指針數(shù)組 ·······························································.402
7.11.3 二級(jí)指針和二維數(shù)組 ·······························································.403
7.12 函數(shù)指針 ······················································································.407
7.13 重新認(rèn)識(shí)void ················································································.408
第8 章 C 語言的面向?qū)ο缶幊趟枷?·······························································.411
8.1 代碼復(fù)用與分層思想 ·········································································.412
嵌入式C 語言自我修養(yǎng)——從芯片、編譯器到操作系統(tǒng)
? XXII ?
8.2 面向?qū)ο缶幊袒�礎(chǔ) ············································································.413
8.2.1 什么是OOP ···········································································.414
8.2.2 類的封裝與實(shí)例化 ···································································.414
8.2.3 繼承與多態(tài) ············································································.416
8.2.4 虛函數(shù)與純虛函數(shù) ···································································.418
8.3 Linux 內(nèi)核中的OOP 思想：封裝 ··························································.419
8.3.1 類的C 語言模擬實(shí)現(xiàn) ································································.420
8.3.2 鏈表的抽象與封裝 ···································································.422
8.3.3 設(shè)備管理模型 ·········································································.423
8.3.4 總線設(shè)備模型 ·········································································.427
8.4 Linux 內(nèi)核中的OOP 思想：繼承 ··························································.429
8.4.1 繼承與私有指針 ······································································.429
8.4.2 繼承與抽象類 ·········································································.430
8.4.3 繼承與接口 ············································································.431
8.5 Linux 內(nèi)核中的OOP 思想：多態(tài) ··························································.433
第9 章 C 語言的模塊化編程思想 ··································································.436
9.1 模塊的編譯和鏈接 ············································································.437
9.2 系統(tǒng)模塊劃分 ··················································································.439
9.2.1 模塊劃分方法 ·········································································.439
9.2.2 面向?qū)ο缶幊痰乃季S陷阱 ··························································.441
9.2.3 規(guī)劃合理的目錄結(jié)構(gòu) ································································.442
9.3 一個(gè)模塊的封裝 ···············································································.443
9.4 頭文件深度剖析 ···············································································.444
9.4.1 基本概念 ··············································································.444
9.4.2 隱式聲明 ··············································································.446
9.4.3 變量的聲明與定義 ···································································.447
9.4.4 如何區(qū)分定義和聲明 ································································.449
9.4.5 前向引用和前向聲明 ································································.450
9.4.6 定義與聲明的一致性 ································································.453
9.4.7 頭文件路徑 ············································································.454
9.4.8 Linux 內(nèi)核中的頭文件 ······························································.456
目 錄
? XXIII ?
9.4.9 頭文件中的內(nèi)聯(lián)函數(shù) ································································.459
9.5 模塊設(shè)計(jì)原則 ··················································································.459
9.6 被誤解的關(guān)鍵字：goto ·······································································.461
9.7 模塊間通信 ·····················································································.462
9.7.1 全局變量 ··············································································.462
9.7.2 回調(diào)函數(shù) ··············································································.466
9.7.3 異步通信 ··············································································.470
9.8 模塊設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)階 ··················································································.471
9.8.1 跨平臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì) ············································································.471
9.8.2 框架 ····················································································.473
9.9 AIoT 時(shí)代的模塊化編程 ·····································································.476
第10 章 C 語言的多任務(wù)編程思想和操作系統(tǒng)入門 ···········································.478
10.1 多任務(wù)的裸機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn) ···········································································.479
10.1.1 多任務(wù)的模擬實(shí)現(xiàn) ··································································.479
10.1.2 改變?nèi)蝿?wù)的執(zhí)行頻率 ·······························································.481
10.1.3 改變?nèi)蝿?wù)的執(zhí)行時(shí)間 ·······························································.484
10.2 操作系統(tǒng)基本原理 ···········································································.488
10.2.1 調(diào)度器工作原理 ····································································.490
10.2.2 函數(shù)棧與進(jìn)程棧 ····································································.492
10.2.3 可重入函數(shù) ··········································································.493
10.2.4 臨界區(qū)與臨界資源 ··································································.495
10.3 中斷 ····························································································.497
10.3.1 中斷處理流程 ·······································································.497
10.3.2 進(jìn)程棧與中斷棧 ····································································.500
10.3.3 中斷函數(shù)的實(shí)現(xiàn) ····································································.504
10.4 系統(tǒng)調(diào)用 ······················································································.506
10.4.1 操作系統(tǒng)的API ·····································································.506
10.4.2 操作系統(tǒng)的權(quán)限管理 ·······························································.508
10.4.3 CPU 的特權(quán)模式 ····································································.508
10.4.4 Linux 系統(tǒng)調(diào)用接口 ································································.509
嵌入式C 語言自我修養(yǎng)——從芯片、編譯器到操作系統(tǒng)
? XXIV ?
10.5 揭開文件系統(tǒng)的神秘面紗 ··································································.510
10.5.1 什么是文件系統(tǒng) ····································································.511
10.5.2 文件系統(tǒng)的掛載 ····································································.513
10.5.3 根文件系統(tǒng) ··········································································.514
10.6 存儲(chǔ)器接口與映射 ···········································································.515
10.6.1 存儲(chǔ)器與接口 ·······································································.515
10.6.2 存儲(chǔ)映射 ·············································································.518
10.6.3 嵌入式啟動(dòng)方式 ····································································.520
10.7 內(nèi)存與外部設(shè)備 ·············································································.521
10.7.1 內(nèi)存與外存 ··········································································.521
10.7.2 外部設(shè)備 ·············································································.522
10.7.3 I/O 端口與I/O 內(nèi)存 ································································.523
10.8 寄存器操作 ···················································································.524
10.8.1 位運(yùn)算應(yīng)用 ··········································································.524
10.8.2 操作寄存器 ··········································································.527
10.8.3 位域 ···················································································.529
10.9 內(nèi)存管理單元MMU ········································································.531
10.9.1 地址轉(zhuǎn)換 ·············································································.532
10.9.2 權(quán)限管理 ·············································································.534
10.10 進(jìn)程、線程和協(xié)程 ·········································································.535
10.10.1 進(jìn)程 ·················································································.536
10.10.2 線程 ·················································································.538
10.10.3 線程池 ··············································································.539
10.10.4 協(xié)程 ·················································································.540
10.10.5 小結(jié) ·················································································.541
參考文獻(xiàn) ···································································································.543