Contents
導(dǎo)讀 i
About the author ix
About the series x
Foreword xi
Introduction xii
Key grammatical terminology xix
The sounds of British English xxiii
1 Singular and plural 1
2 Countable and uncountable nouns 5
3 Containers, quantities and pieces 9
4 Subject and object pronouns 13
5 Reflexive pronouns 18
6 Possessives 21
7 This, that, these, those 25
8 Articles 28
9 Some and any 34
10 Much, many, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of 39
11 Few and a few; little and a little 41
12 Other quantifiers 43
13 Adjective order 46
14 Comparatives 48
15 Superlatives 53
16 Comparisons: as . . . as, not as . . . as, the same as, like 58
17 Comparisons: too and enough 61
18 Prepositions of place 66
19 Prepositions of movement 70
20 Prepositions of time 73
21 Have and have got 76
22 Present simple: be 79
23 Present simple: affirmative 83
24 Present simple: negative 89
25 Present simple: questions 91
26 Imperatives 94
27 Adverbs of frequency 97
28 Present progressive: affirmative (‘now’ meaning) 100
29 Present progressive: negative and questions 106
30 Present progressive contrasted with present simple 109
31 Past simple: be 111
32 Past simple: regular verbs 114
33 Past simple: irregular verbs 121
34 Past simple: questions and short answers 124
35 Past simple: negative 127
36 Past progressive: ‘in progress’ 129
37 Past progressive: ‘interrupted actions’ 134
38 Present perfect: Have you ever . . .? 137
39 Present perfect: just 141
40 Present perfect: ‘up to now’ 143
41 Time words: already, yet and always 148
42 Time words: for and since 151
43 Present perfect progressive 154
44 Past perfect simple 158
45 Past perfect progressive 164
46 Will 168
47 Going to 175
48 Will contrasted with going to 181
49 Present progressive: ‘future arrangements’ 185
50 Future progressive and future perfect 188
51 Requests, orders, offers, permission: can, could, will, would, may, might 193
52 Ability: can, can’t, could, couldn’t, be able to 197
53 Obligation and compulsion: must, have to, should, ought 200
54 Possibility and certainty: may, might, could, must, must have, can’t,
can’t have 205
55 Modal verbs: an overview 210
56 Zero conditional 213
57 First conditional 216
58 Second conditional 219
59 Third conditional 222
60 Passives 225
61 Causatives 230
62 Multi-word verbs 232
63 Direct and reported speech 237
64 Used to 242
65 Question tags 245
66 Relative pronouns (adverbs) and relative clauses 249
67 Defining and non-defining relative clauses 255
68 ’d better / had better 259
69 Two-verb structures: -ing or infinitive? 262
70 In case 266
Further reading 269
Author acknowledgements 270