出版說明
序

第
1章　機(jī)械加工概述 ······························ 1

1.1　機(jī)械加工簡(jiǎn)介 ············································· 2

1.1.1　概述······················································ 2

1.1.2　機(jī)械加工的定義 ·································· 2

1.1.3　機(jī)械加工的歷史 ·································· 2

1.1.4　機(jī)械加工在社會(huì)中的地位 ··················· 5

1.1.5　主要的機(jī)床 ·········································· 8

1.2　機(jī)械加工行業(yè) ··········································· 15

1.2.1　概述···················································· 15

1.2.2　現(xiàn)代機(jī)械加工職業(yè) ···························· 15

1.2.3　相關(guān)職業(yè) ············································ 19

1.3　車間技能 ··················································· 21

1.3.1　概述···················································· 21

1.3.2　個(gè)人能力 ············································ 21

1.3.3　專業(yè)技術(shù)能力 ···································· 23

1.3.4　培訓(xùn)機(jī)會(huì)和方法 ································ 24

1.3.5　美國(guó)國(guó)立金屬加工技術(shù)學(xué)院 ············· 25

1.3.6　如何尋找工作 ···································· 26

第
2 章　安全知識(shí)介紹 ···························· 33

2.1　概述 ··························································· 34

2.2　安全注意事項(xiàng) ··········································· 34

2.3　加工環(huán)境中的著裝要求 ···························· 35

2.4　個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備 ··········································· 35

2.4.1　眼部防護(hù) ············································ 36

2.4.2　聽覺防護(hù) ············································ 36

2.4.3　防毒面具 ············································ 37

2.4.4　手套···················································· 37

2.4.5　安全帽 ················································ 38

2.5　車間清潔 ··················································· 38

2.6　保護(hù)裝置與物理屏障································ 39

2.7　搬運(yùn)和托舉 ··············································· 40

2.8　壓縮氣體的安全使用································ 40

2.9　掛牌
/上鎖 ················································ 41
2.9.1　掛牌···················································· 41
2.9.2　上鎖···················································· 42
2.10　有害物質(zhì) ················································· 42
2.11　安全數(shù)據(jù)表 ············································· 45
2.12　消防安全 ················································· 49
2.12.1　燃燒三要素 ······································ 49
2.12.2　滅火器 ·············································· 49
2.13　安全文件 ················································· 50

第
3章　測(cè)量系統(tǒng)和機(jī)械加工
數(shù)學(xué)概述···································· 51

3.1　概述 ··························································· 52

3.2　機(jī)械加工領(lǐng)域的測(cè)量系統(tǒng) ························ 52

3.2.1　英制（英寸）測(cè)量系統(tǒng) ·················· 52

3.2.2　米制或
SI測(cè)量系統(tǒng) ··························· 52
3.3　機(jī)械加工中的數(shù)學(xué)概念與運(yùn)算 ················ 52
3.3.1　分?jǐn)?shù)運(yùn)算 ············································ 52
3.3.2　分?jǐn)?shù)的比較 ········································ 53
3.3.3　分?jǐn)?shù)小數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換 ···································· 55
3.3.4　基礎(chǔ)代數(shù) ············································ 55
3.3.5　比例和比例式 ···································· 57
3.3.6　英制與米制的換算 ···························· 57
3.3.7　基礎(chǔ)幾何 ············································ 58
3.3.8　角度···················································· 59
3.3.9　笛卡兒坐標(biāo)系 ···································· 63
3.3.10　基本三角學(xué) ······································ 63

第
4章　半精密測(cè)量 ································ 68

4.1　概述 ··························································· 69

4.2　半精密測(cè)量的概念 ··································· 69

4.3　金屬直尺 ··················································· 69

4.3.1　英制尺的讀數(shù)方法 ···························· 72

4.3.2　米制尺的讀數(shù)方法 ···························· 72

4.4　游標(biāo)卡尺 ··················································· 73

4.5　可調(diào)直角尺 ··············································· 74

4.6　組合角度尺 ··············································· 75


4.7　角度測(cè)量 ··················································· 76
4.7.1　量角器 ················································ 76
4.7.2　斜角規(guī) ················································ 77
4.7.3　模具制造直角規(guī) ································ 78
4.8　固定量規(guī) ··················································· 78
4.8.1　半徑量規(guī)和圓角量規(guī) ························ 78
4.8.2　角度量規(guī) ············································ 78
4.8.3　螺紋量規(guī) ············································ 79

第
5章　精密測(cè)量···································· 80

5.1　概述 ··························································· 81
5.2　精密測(cè)量的概念 ······································· 81
5.3　精密量具的保養(yǎng) ······································· 81
5.4　平尺 ··························································· 81
5.5　精密固定量規(guī) ··········································· 82
5.5.1　塞尺···················································· 82
5.5.2　塞規(guī)···················································· 82
5.5.3　環(huán)規(guī)···················································· 84
5.5.4　卡規(guī)···················································· 86
5.6　平板 ··························································· 86
5.7　直角尺 ······················································· 87
5.8　量塊 ··························································· 89
5.9　游標(biāo)測(cè)量工具 ··········································· 91
5.9.1　游標(biāo)卡尺 ············································ 91
5.9.2　游標(biāo)高度卡尺 ···································· 91
5.9.3　游標(biāo)深度卡尺 ···································· 92
5.9.4　游標(biāo)齒厚卡尺 ···································· 92
5.9.5　游標(biāo)量角器 ········································ 92
5.9.6　游標(biāo)卡尺的讀數(shù)方法 ························ 92
5.10　千分尺 ····················································· 96
5.10.1　外徑千分尺 ······································ 96
5.10.2　外徑千分尺的讀數(shù)方法 ·················· 99
5.10.3　外徑千分尺的校準(zhǔn) ························ 102
5.10.4　內(nèi)徑千分尺 ···································· 103
5.10.5　深度千分尺 ···································· 104
5.11　帶表和數(shù)顯測(cè)量工具 ···························· 105

5.11.1　帶表卡尺和數(shù)顯卡尺····················· 105
5.11.2　帶表高度卡尺和數(shù)顯高度卡尺 ····· 107
5.11.3　帶表深度卡尺和數(shù)顯深度卡尺 ····· 108
5.11.4　帶表內(nèi)徑千分尺和數(shù)顯內(nèi)徑
千分尺 ············································ 108
5.12　精密傳輸或輔助測(cè)量工具 ···················· 109
5.12.1　小孔量規(guī) ········································ 109
5.12.2　伸縮量規(guī) ·········································110
5.12.3　可調(diào)平墊鐵 ·····································111
5.13　千分表和數(shù)顯表 ····································111
5.13.1　壓桿式千分表的應(yīng)用 ·····················113
5.13.2　杠桿式千分表的應(yīng)用 ·····················114
5.14　正弦尺 ····················································115
5.14.1　窄面式正弦尺和寬面式正
弦尺 ·················································116
5.14.2　正弦臺(tái) ·············································116
5.14.3　正弦虎鉗 ·········································117
5.15　表面粗糙度檢測(cè) ····································117
5.15.1　表面粗糙度樣板 ·····························119
5.15.2　表面粗糙度儀 ·································119
5.16　光學(xué)比較儀 ············································119
5.17　工具顯微鏡 ············································119
5.18　坐標(biāo)測(cè)量?jī)x ··········································· 120

第
6章　質(zhì)量保證、工藝規(guī)程制訂和
質(zhì)量控制·································· 121

6.1　概述 ························································· 122
6.2　質(zhì)量保證 ················································· 122
6.3　工藝規(guī)程制訂 ········································· 122
6.3.1　材料選擇 ·········································· 122
6.3.2　機(jī)床選擇與工件裝夾 ······················ 122
6.3.3　工藝裝備選擇 ·································· 124
6.3.4　進(jìn)給速度和進(jìn)給量計(jì)算 ·················· 124
6.3.5　其他信息 ·········································· 124
6.4　質(zhì)量控制 ················································· 124
6.4.1　抽樣計(jì)劃 ·········································· 124


6.4.2　檢測(cè)計(jì)劃 ·········································· 124

6.4.3　統(tǒng)計(jì)過程控制（SPC） ····················· 125

第
7章　金屬的組成與分類··················· 130

7.1　概述 ························································· 131
7.2　黑色金屬 ················································· 131
7.2.1　純鐵·················································· 131
7.2.2　普通碳鋼 ·········································· 132
7.2.3　合金鋼 ·············································· 132
7.2.4　工具鋼 ·············································· 133
7.2.5　鑄鐵·················································· 133
7.2.6　不銹鋼 ·············································· 137
7.3　有色金屬 ················································· 139
7.3.1　鋁合金 ·············································· 139
7.3.2　鎂合金 ·············································· 140
7.3.3　銅合金 ·············································· 140
7.3.4　鈦合金 ·············································· 142
7.3.5　高溫合金 ·········································· 143

第
8章　金屬材料的熱處理··················· 145

8.1　概述 ························································· 146
8.2　淬火 ························································· 146
8.2.1　直接淬火 ·········································· 146
8.2.2　表面淬火 ·········································· 146
8.3　回火 ························································· 149
8.4　退火 ························································· 149
8.5　正火 ························································· 149
8.6　鋁合金的熱處理 ····································· 149
8.7　熱處理爐 ················································· 149
8.7.1　箱式爐 ·············································· 149
8.7.2　生產(chǎn)專用爐 ······································ 149
8.7.3　常壓爐 ·············································· 151
8.7.4　熱處理爐控制 ·································· 151
8.8　熱處理安全規(guī)程 ····································· 151
8.9　硬度標(biāo)尺及其試驗(yàn) ································· 152
8.9.1　洛氏硬度標(biāo)尺 ·································· 152

8.9.2　布氏硬度標(biāo)尺 ·································· 156

第
9章　維護(hù)、潤(rùn)滑和切削液概述 ······· 158

9.1　維護(hù) ························································· 159
9.1.1　潤(rùn)滑·················································· 159
9.1.2　活動(dòng)件和磨損面 ······························ 161
9.2　切削液 ····················································· 161
9.2.1　油基切削液 ······································ 162
9.2.2　化學(xué)切削液（水基切削液） ············· 163
9.2.3　切削液混合比例的測(cè)量 ·················· 164
9.2.4　折光儀 ·············································· 164
9.2.5　冷風(fēng)槍 ·············································· 164
9.2.6　固態(tài)及半固態(tài)切削物 ······················ 164
9.2.7　切削液的使用方法 ·························· 165

第
10章　工程制圖································ 167

10.1　工程制圖的重要性 ······························· 168
10.2　工程制圖的組成 ··································· 168
10.2.1　標(biāo)題欄 ············································ 168
10.2.2　正投影 ············································ 168
10.2.3　線型 ················································ 171
10.3　基本符號(hào)及其標(biāo)記方法 ························ 176
10.4　公差 ······················································· 178
10.4.1　雙向公差 ········································ 178
10.4.2　單向公差 ········································ 178
10.4.3　極限偏差 ········································ 178

10.4.4　MMC和
LMC ································ 178
10.4.5　公差注法 ········································ 179
10.5　公差配合 ··············································· 181
10.5.1　余量 ················································ 181
10.5.2　配合公差 ········································ 181

10.6　幾何尺寸和公差（GD&T） ·················· 184
10.6.1　基準(zhǔn) ················································ 184
10.6.2　公差框格 ········································ 184
10.6.3　幾何公差的含義 ···························· 185