出版說明
序

第
1章　機械加工概述 ······························ 1

1.1　機械加工簡介 ············································· 2

1.1.1　概述······················································ 2

1.1.2　機械加工的定義 ·································· 2

1.1.3　機械加工的歷史 ·································· 2

1.1.4　機械加工在社會中的地位 ··················· 5

1.1.5　主要的機床 ·········································· 8

1.2　機械加工行業(yè) ··········································· 15

1.2.1　概述···················································· 15

1.2.2　現(xiàn)代機械加工職業(yè) ···························· 15

1.2.3　相關(guān)職業(yè) ············································ 19

1.3　車間技能 ··················································· 21

1.3.1　概述···················································· 21

1.3.2　個人能力 ············································ 21

1.3.3　專業(yè)技術(shù)能力 ···································· 23

1.3.4　培訓(xùn)機會和方法 ································ 24

1.3.5　美國國立金屬加工技術(shù)學(xué)院 ············· 25

1.3.6　如何尋找工作 ···································· 26

第
2 章　安全知識介紹 ···························· 33

2.1　概述 ··························································· 34

2.2　安全注意事項 ··········································· 34

2.3　加工環(huán)境中的著裝要求 ···························· 35

2.4　個人防護(hù)設(shè)備 ··········································· 35

2.4.1　眼部防護(hù) ············································ 36

2.4.2　聽覺防護(hù) ············································ 36

2.4.3　防毒面具 ············································ 37

2.4.4　手套···················································· 37

2.4.5　安全帽 ················································ 38

2.5　車間清潔 ··················································· 38

2.6　保護(hù)裝置與物理屏障································ 39

2.7　搬運和托舉 ··············································· 40

2.8　壓縮氣體的安全使用································ 40

2.9　掛牌
/上鎖 ················································ 41
2.9.1　掛牌···················································· 41
2.9.2　上鎖···················································· 42
2.10　有害物質(zhì) ················································· 42
2.11　安全數(shù)據(jù)表 ············································· 45
2.12　消防安全 ················································· 49
2.12.1　燃燒三要素 ······································ 49
2.12.2　滅火器 ·············································· 49
2.13　安全文件 ················································· 50

第
3章　測量系統(tǒng)和機械加工
數(shù)學(xué)概述···································· 51

3.1　概述 ··························································· 52

3.2　機械加工領(lǐng)域的測量系統(tǒng) ························ 52

3.2.1　英制（英寸）測量系統(tǒng) ·················· 52

3.2.2　米制或
SI測量系統(tǒng) ··························· 52
3.3　機械加工中的數(shù)學(xué)概念與運算 ················ 52
3.3.1　分?jǐn)?shù)運算 ············································ 52
3.3.2　分?jǐn)?shù)的比較 ········································ 53
3.3.3　分?jǐn)?shù)小數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換 ···································· 55
3.3.4　基礎(chǔ)代數(shù) ············································ 55
3.3.5　比例和比例式 ···································· 57
3.3.6　英制與米制的換算 ···························· 57
3.3.7　基礎(chǔ)幾何 ············································ 58
3.3.8　角度···················································· 59
3.3.9　笛卡兒坐標(biāo)系 ···································· 63
3.3.10　基本三角學(xué) ······································ 63

第
4章　半精密測量 ································ 68

4.1　概述 ··························································· 69

4.2　半精密測量的概念 ··································· 69

4.3　金屬直尺 ··················································· 69

4.3.1　英制尺的讀數(shù)方法 ···························· 72

4.3.2　米制尺的讀數(shù)方法 ···························· 72

4.4　游標(biāo)卡尺 ··················································· 73

4.5　可調(diào)直角尺 ··············································· 74

4.6　組合角度尺 ··············································· 75


4.7　角度測量 ··················································· 76
4.7.1　量角器 ················································ 76
4.7.2　斜角規(guī) ················································ 77
4.7.3　模具制造直角規(guī) ································ 78
4.8　固定量規(guī) ··················································· 78
4.8.1　半徑量規(guī)和圓角量規(guī) ························ 78
4.8.2　角度量規(guī) ············································ 78
4.8.3　螺紋量規(guī) ············································ 79

第
5章　精密測量···································· 80

5.1　概述 ··························································· 81
5.2　精密測量的概念 ······································· 81
5.3　精密量具的保養(yǎng) ······································· 81
5.4　平尺 ··························································· 81
5.5　精密固定量規(guī) ··········································· 82
5.5.1　塞尺···················································· 82
5.5.2　塞規(guī)···················································· 82
5.5.3　環(huán)規(guī)···················································· 84
5.5.4　卡規(guī)···················································· 86
5.6　平板 ··························································· 86
5.7　直角尺 ······················································· 87
5.8　量塊 ··························································· 89
5.9　游標(biāo)測量工具 ··········································· 91
5.9.1　游標(biāo)卡尺 ············································ 91
5.9.2　游標(biāo)高度卡尺 ···································· 91
5.9.3　游標(biāo)深度卡尺 ···································· 92
5.9.4　游標(biāo)齒厚卡尺 ···································· 92
5.9.5　游標(biāo)量角器 ········································ 92
5.9.6　游標(biāo)卡尺的讀數(shù)方法 ························ 92
5.10　千分尺 ····················································· 96
5.10.1　外徑千分尺 ······································ 96
5.10.2　外徑千分尺的讀數(shù)方法 ·················· 99
5.10.3　外徑千分尺的校準(zhǔn) ························ 102
5.10.4　內(nèi)徑千分尺 ···································· 103
5.10.5　深度千分尺 ···································· 104
5.11　帶表和數(shù)顯測量工具 ···························· 105

5.11.1　帶表卡尺和數(shù)顯卡尺····················· 105
5.11.2　帶表高度卡尺和數(shù)顯高度卡尺 ····· 107
5.11.3　帶表深度卡尺和數(shù)顯深度卡尺 ····· 108
5.11.4　帶表內(nèi)徑千分尺和數(shù)顯內(nèi)徑
千分尺 ············································ 108
5.12　精密傳輸或輔助測量工具 ···················· 109
5.12.1　小孔量規(guī) ········································ 109
5.12.2　伸縮量規(guī) ·········································110
5.12.3　可調(diào)平墊鐵 ·····································111
5.13　千分表和數(shù)顯表 ····································111
5.13.1　壓桿式千分表的應(yīng)用 ·····················113
5.13.2　杠桿式千分表的應(yīng)用 ·····················114
5.14　正弦尺 ····················································115
5.14.1　窄面式正弦尺和寬面式正
弦尺 ·················································116
5.14.2　正弦臺 ·············································116
5.14.3　正弦虎鉗 ·········································117
5.15　表面粗糙度檢測 ····································117
5.15.1　表面粗糙度樣板 ·····························119
5.15.2　表面粗糙度儀 ·································119
5.16　光學(xué)比較儀 ············································119
5.17　工具顯微鏡 ············································119
5.18　坐標(biāo)測量儀 ··········································· 120

第
6章　質(zhì)量保證、工藝規(guī)程制訂和
質(zhì)量控制·································· 121

6.1　概述 ························································· 122
6.2　質(zhì)量保證 ················································· 122
6.3　工藝規(guī)程制訂 ········································· 122
6.3.1　材料選擇 ·········································· 122
6.3.2　機床選擇與工件裝夾 ······················ 122
6.3.3　工藝裝備選擇 ·································· 124
6.3.4　進(jìn)給速度和進(jìn)給量計算 ·················· 124
6.3.5　其他信息 ·········································· 124
6.4　質(zhì)量控制 ················································· 124
6.4.1　抽樣計劃 ·········································· 124


6.4.2　檢測計劃 ·········································· 124

6.4.3　統(tǒng)計過程控制（SPC） ····················· 125

第
7章　金屬的組成與分類··················· 130

7.1　概述 ························································· 131
7.2　黑色金屬 ················································· 131
7.2.1　純鐵·················································· 131
7.2.2　普通碳鋼 ·········································· 132
7.2.3　合金鋼 ·············································· 132
7.2.4　工具鋼 ·············································· 133
7.2.5　鑄鐵·················································· 133
7.2.6　不銹鋼 ·············································· 137
7.3　有色金屬 ················································· 139
7.3.1　鋁合金 ·············································· 139
7.3.2　鎂合金 ·············································· 140
7.3.3　銅合金 ·············································· 140
7.3.4　鈦合金 ·············································· 142
7.3.5　高溫合金 ·········································· 143

第
8章　金屬材料的熱處理··················· 145

8.1　概述 ························································· 146
8.2　淬火 ························································· 146
8.2.1　直接淬火 ·········································· 146
8.2.2　表面淬火 ·········································· 146
8.3　回火 ························································· 149
8.4　退火 ························································· 149
8.5　正火 ························································· 149
8.6　鋁合金的熱處理 ····································· 149
8.7　熱處理爐 ················································· 149
8.7.1　箱式爐 ·············································· 149
8.7.2　生產(chǎn)專用爐 ······································ 149
8.7.3　常壓爐 ·············································· 151
8.7.4　熱處理爐控制 ·································· 151
8.8　熱處理安全規(guī)程 ····································· 151
8.9　硬度標(biāo)尺及其試驗 ································· 152
8.9.1　洛氏硬度標(biāo)尺 ·································· 152

8.9.2　布氏硬度標(biāo)尺 ·································· 156

第
9章　維護(hù)、潤滑和切削液概述 ······· 158

9.1　維護(hù) ························································· 159
9.1.1　潤滑·················································· 159
9.1.2　活動件和磨損面 ······························ 161
9.2　切削液 ····················································· 161
9.2.1　油基切削液 ······································ 162
9.2.2　化學(xué)切削液（水基切削液） ············· 163
9.2.3　切削液混合比例的測量 ·················· 164
9.2.4　折光儀 ·············································· 164
9.2.5　冷風(fēng)槍 ·············································· 164
9.2.6　固態(tài)及半固態(tài)切削物 ······················ 164
9.2.7　切削液的使用方法 ·························· 165

第
10章　工程制圖································ 167

10.1　工程制圖的重要性 ······························· 168
10.2　工程制圖的組成 ··································· 168
10.2.1　標(biāo)題欄 ············································ 168
10.2.2　正投影 ············································ 168
10.2.3　線型 ················································ 171
10.3　基本符號及其標(biāo)記方法 ························ 176
10.4　公差 ······················································· 178
10.4.1　雙向公差 ········································ 178
10.4.2　單向公差 ········································ 178
10.4.3　極限偏差 ········································ 178

10.4.4　MMC和
LMC ································ 178
10.4.5　公差注法 ········································ 179
10.5　公差配合 ··············································· 181
10.5.1　余量 ················································ 181
10.5.2　配合公差 ········································ 181

10.6　幾何尺寸和公差（GD&T） ·················· 184
10.6.1　基準(zhǔn) ················································ 184
10.6.2　公差框格 ········································ 184
10.6.3　幾何公差的含義 ···························· 185