目錄
第一章 生物共生學(xué)概述 1
第一節(jié) 生物共生學(xué)的概念和理論 1
一、生物共生的基本概念和理論 1
二、生物共生學(xué)的基本屬性 3
第二節(jié) 生物共生體系的類型 4
一、按生物物種區(qū)分的共生體系 4
二、按構(gòu)建共生體系的生物物種數(shù)量區(qū)分的共生體系 11
三、按共生體系的能量流動(dòng)關(guān)系區(qū)分的共生體系 13
四、按生物共生關(guān)系的性質(zhì)區(qū)分的共生體系 14
五、按共生部位或共生體結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)分的共生體系 15
第三節(jié) 生物共生學(xué)的發(fā)展歷史 16
一、國際生物共生學(xué)研究發(fā)展歷程 17
二、中國生物共生學(xué)研究發(fā)展歷程 20
第四節(jié) 生物共生學(xué)研究主要進(jìn)展 22
一、生物的共生機(jī)制 22
二、生物的共生效應(yīng) 24
三、生物共生效應(yīng)的作用機(jī)制 26
第五節(jié) 生物共生學(xué)的研究意義與發(fā)展前景 27
一、生物共生學(xué)的研究意義 28
二、生物共生學(xué)的發(fā)展前景 31
第二章 人類與其他生物的共生 33
第一節(jié) 人類與動(dòng)植物的共生 33
一、人體與動(dòng)植物的共生體系 33
二、人體與動(dòng)植物的共生機(jī)剎 34
三、人體與動(dòng)植物的共生效應(yīng) 35
第二節(jié) 人類與微生物的共生 37
一、人體與微生物的共生體系 37
二、人體與微生物的共生機(jī)制 41
三、人體與微生物的共生效應(yīng) 45
第三章 動(dòng)物與其他生物的共生 49
第一節(jié) 動(dòng)物與動(dòng)物的共生 49
一、動(dòng)物與動(dòng)物的共生體系 49
二、動(dòng)物與動(dòng)物的共生機(jī)制 55
三、動(dòng)物與動(dòng)物的共生效應(yīng) 57
第二節(jié) 動(dòng)物與植物的共生 58
一、動(dòng)物與植物的共生體系 58
二、動(dòng)物與植物的共生機(jī)制 63
三、動(dòng)物與植物的共生效應(yīng) 65
第三節(jié) 動(dòng)物與真菌的共生 66
一、動(dòng)物與真菌的共生體系 67
二、動(dòng)物與真菌的共生機(jī)制 70
三、動(dòng)物與真菌的共生效應(yīng) 72
第四節(jié) 動(dòng)物與細(xì)菌的共生 73
一、動(dòng)物與細(xì)菌的共生體系 73
二、動(dòng)物與細(xì)菌的共生機(jī)制 78
三、動(dòng)物與細(xì)菌的共生效應(yīng) 80
第五節(jié) 動(dòng)物與其他生物共生效應(yīng)的作用機(jī)制 81
一、改善共生生物的營養(yǎng) 81
二、合成次生代謝物質(zhì) 81
三、調(diào)控基因表達(dá) 82
第四章 植物與真菌的共生 83
第一節(jié) 植物與真菌的共生體 83
一、植物與真菌的共生部位 84
二、植物與真菌的共生類型 89
三、植物與真菌的共生結(jié)構(gòu) 90
第二節(jié) 植物共生真菌 98
一、植物共生真菌的種類 99
二、植物共生真菌的分離培養(yǎng) 116
三、植物共生真菌的生長發(fā)育 119
第三節(jié) 植物與真菌的共生體發(fā)育 124
一、菌根真菌定殖特征 125
二、深色有隔內(nèi)生真菌(DSE)定殖特征 131
三、印度梨形孢定殖特征 133
四、禾草共生真菌定殖特征 135
第四節(jié) 植物與真菌的共生機(jī)制 137
一、植物與真菌共生的生物化學(xué)機(jī)制 137
二、植物與真菌共生的生理學(xué)機(jī)制 139
三、植物與真菌共生的生態(tài)學(xué)機(jī)制 143
四、植物與真菌共生的遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制 144
第五節(jié) 植物與真菌共生的生理生態(tài)功能 145
一、促進(jìn)農(nóng)、林、牧業(yè)生產(chǎn) 146
二、增強(qiáng)環(huán)境與食品安全性 157
三、增加生物多樣性 158
四、保持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性 158
第六節(jié) 植物與真菌共生的作用機(jī)制 159
一、植物與真菌共生體改善營養(yǎng)的作用機(jī)制 159
二、提高抗逆性的作用機(jī)制 160
三、促進(jìn)植物生長、增加產(chǎn)量和改善品質(zhì)的作用機(jī)制 165
第五章 植物與細(xì)菌的共生 167
第一節(jié) 植物與細(xì)菌的共生體系 167
一、植物與細(xì)菌的共生部位 168
二、植物與細(xì)菌的共生類型 177
三、植物與細(xì)菌的共生結(jié)構(gòu) 180
第二節(jié) 植物共生細(xì)菌 182
一、植物共生細(xì)菌的種類 183
二、植物共生細(xì)菌的分離與培養(yǎng) 194
第三節(jié) 植物與細(xì)菌的共生體發(fā)育 195
一、豆科植物與根瘤菌構(gòu)建的根瘤共生體 195
二、植物與弗蘭克氏菌構(gòu)建的根瘤共生體 196
三、植物與其他細(xì)菌的共生體 198
第四節(jié) 植物與細(xì)菌的共生機(jī)制 199
一、植物與細(xì)菌共生的生物化學(xué)機(jī)制 199
二、植物與細(xì)菌共生的生理學(xué)機(jī)制 200
三、植物與細(xì)菌共生的生態(tài)學(xué)機(jī)制 202
四、植物與細(xì)菌共生的遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制 203
第五節(jié) 植物與細(xì)菌共生的生理生態(tài)功能 203
一、植物與細(xì)菌共生改善植物營養(yǎng)的效應(yīng) 203
二、植物與細(xì)菌共生增強(qiáng)植物抗逆的效應(yīng) 204
三、植物與細(xì)菌共生改善土壤肥力的效應(yīng) 206
四、植物與細(xì)菌共生促進(jìn)植物生長、增加產(chǎn)量的效應(yīng) 206
第六節(jié) 植物與細(xì)菌共生效應(yīng)的作用機(jī)制 207
一、植物與細(xì)菌共生改善植物營養(yǎng)的作用機(jī)制 208
二、植物與細(xì)菌共生增強(qiáng)植物抗逆性的作用機(jī)制 208
三、植物與細(xì)菌共生改善土壤肥力的作用機(jī)制 210
四、植物與細(xì)菌共生促進(jìn)植物生長、增加產(chǎn)量的作用機(jī)制 211
第六章 真菌與細(xì)菌的共生 214
第一節(jié) 真菌與細(xì)菌的共生類型 214
一、地衣型真菌與藍(lán)細(xì)菌的共生 214
二、菌根真菌與細(xì)菌的共生 216
三、其他真菌與細(xì)菌的共生 217
第二節(jié) 真菌與細(xì)菌共生體的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu) 217
一、地衣型真菌與藍(lán)細(xì)菌的共生體 217
二、菌根真菌與細(xì)菌的共生體 219
三、其他真菌與細(xì)菌的共生體 219
第三節(jié) 真菌與細(xì)菌共生體的發(fā)育 219
一、地衣型真菌與藍(lán)細(xì)菌共生體的發(fā)育 219
二、菌根真菌與細(xì)菌共生體發(fā)育 220
第四節(jié) 真菌與細(xì)菌的共生機(jī)制 220
一、真菌與細(xì)菌共生的生物化學(xué)機(jī)制 220
二、真菌與細(xì)菌共生的生理學(xué)機(jī)制 220
三、真菌與細(xì)菌共生的生態(tài)學(xué)機(jī)制 221
四、真菌與細(xì)菌共生的遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制 221
第五節(jié) 真菌與細(xì)菌共生的生理生態(tài)功能和機(jī)制 222
一、真菌與細(xì)菌共生的生理生態(tài)效應(yīng) 223
二、真菌與細(xì)菌共生效應(yīng)的作用機(jī)制 227
第七章 生物復(fù)合共生體系 229
第一節(jié) 生物復(fù)合共生體系的類型 229
一、以動(dòng)物為主體的復(fù)合共生體類型 229
二、以植物為主體的復(fù)合共生體類型 231
三、以真菌為主體的復(fù)合共生體類型 234
第二節(jié) 復(fù)合共生體的形態(tài)特征 235
第三節(jié) 生物復(fù)合共生體系的共生機(jī)制與發(fā)育特點(diǎn) 235
一、昆蟲+植物+真菌共生體系的構(gòu)建過程 235
二、植物+ECM真菌+AM真菌復(fù)合共生體的發(fā)育 236
三、豆科植物+AM真菌+根瘤菌共生機(jī)制 237
第四節(jié) 生物復(fù)合共生體系的生理生態(tài)功能 239
一、改善植物營養(yǎng) 239
二、增強(qiáng)植物抗逆性 240
三、促進(jìn)植物生長 241
四、修復(fù)污染與退化土壤 242
第五節(jié) 生物復(fù)合共生體系的作用機(jī)制 243
一、調(diào)控激素水平 244
二、促進(jìn)生理代謝 244
三、調(diào)控相關(guān)基因 245
四、實(shí)現(xiàn)功能互補(bǔ) 245
第八章 生物共生生態(tài)學(xué) 248
第一節(jié) 生物共生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多樣性 248
一、森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 248
二、草原生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 249
三、荒漠生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 249
四、海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 250
五、江河、湖泊、沼澤、濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 252
六、農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 253
七、城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng) 254
第二節(jié) 生物共生的微生態(tài) 254
第三節(jié) 影響生物共生體系的因子與調(diào)控 255
一、生物因素 255
二、地理因素 261
三、氣象因素 263
四、土壤肥力 266
五、水域條件 270
六、農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù) 272
七、其他因素 277
第九章 生物共生學(xué)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展 281
第一節(jié) 生物共生學(xué)披術(shù)的類型 281
一、動(dòng)物與動(dòng)物的共生技術(shù) 281
二、動(dòng)物與植物的共生技術(shù) 282
三、植物與植物的共生技術(shù) 283
四、植物與真菌的共生技術(shù) 283
五、植物與細(xì)菌的共生技術(shù) 283
六、真菌與細(xì)菌的共生技術(shù) 284
第二節(jié) 生物共生學(xué)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域 284
一、人與動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域 284
二、動(dòng)物、植物和食用菌產(chǎn)業(yè) 287
三、環(huán)境保護(hù)領(lǐng)域 294
第三節(jié) 生物共生學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展前景 295
第十章 生物共生學(xué)研究方法 300
第一節(jié) 共生真菌研究方法與技術(shù) 300
一、動(dòng)物共生真菌 300
二、植物共生真菌 305
三、地衣型真菌 320
第二節(jié) 共生細(xì)菌研究方法與技術(shù) 324
一、動(dòng)物共生細(xì)菌 324
二、植物共生細(xì)菌 328
第三節(jié) 分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)在生物共生學(xué)研究巾的應(yīng)用 331
一、現(xiàn)代分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)簡介 331
二、共生細(xì)菌和共生真菌的分子鑒定 336
三、共生細(xì)菌和共生真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)特征 337
四、共生細(xì)菌和共生真菌的組學(xué)研究 340
參考文獻(xiàn) 344
CONTENTS
1 Overview of Biological Symbiotics 1
1.1 Conceptions and Theories ofBiological Symbiotics 1
1.1.1 Basic Conceptions and Theories of Biological Symbiotics 1
1.1.2 Basic Characteristics of Biological Symbiotics 3
1.2 Types of Biological Symbiotic Systems 4
1.2.1 Symbiotic Systems Classified with Species of Symbiotic Partners 4
1.2.2 Symbiotic Systems Classified with Numbers of Species of Symbionts 11
1.2.3 Symbiotic Systems Classified with the Energy Flow Relationships 13
1.2.4 Symbiotic Systems Classified with Symbiosis Relationships 14
1.2.5 Symbiotic Systems Classified with Symbiotic Sites and Structures 15
1.3 Development History of Biological Symbiotics 16
1.3.1 The International Development Course of Biological Symbiotics 17
1.3.2 The Development Course of Biological Symbiotics in China 20
1.4 Main Advances in the Study of Biological Symbiotics 22
1.4.1 Symbiotic Mechanisms in Biology 22
1.4.2 Symbiotic Effects of Biology 24
1.4.3 Functioning Mechanisms of Biological Symbiosis 26
1.5 Significance and Prospects in the Study of Biological Symbiotics 27
1.5.1 Significance of Researches on Biological Symbiotics 28
1.5.2 Prospects of Biological Symbiotics 31
2 Symbiosis between Human and the Other Living Things 33
2.1 Symbiosis between Human andAnimals Plants 33
2.1.1 Symbiotic Systems between Human and Animals Plants 33
2.1.2 Mechanisms of Symbiosis between Human and Animals Plants 34
2.1.3 Effects of Symbiosis between Human and Animals Plants 35
2.2 Symbiosis Between Human and Microbes 37
2.2.1 Systems of Symbiosis between Human and Animals Plants 37
2.2.2 Mechanisms of Symbiosis between Human and Microbes 41
2.2.3 Effects of Symbiosis between Human and Microbes 45
3 Symbiosis between Animals and the Other Living Things 49
3.1 Symbiosis between Animals and Animals 49
3.1.1 Systems of Symbiosis between Animals and Animals 49
3.1.2 Mechanisms of Symbiosis between Animals and Animals 55
3.1.3 Effects of Symbiosis between Animals and Animals 57
3.2 Symbiosis between Animals and Plants 58
3.2.1 Systerus of Symbiosis between Animals and Plants 58
3.2.2 Mechanisms of Symbiosis between Animals and Plants 63
3.2.3 Effects of Symbiosis between Animals and Plants 65
3.3 Symbiosis between Animals and Fungi 66
3.3.1 Systems of Symbiosis between Animals and Fungi 67
3.3.2 Mechanisms of Symbiosis between Animals and Fungi 70
3.3.3 Effects of Symbiosis between Animals and Fungi 72
3.4 Symbiosis between Animals and Bacteria 73
3.4.1 Systems of Symbiosis between Animals and Bacteria 73
3.4.2 Mechanisms of Symbiosis between Animals and Bacteria 78
3.4.3 Effects of Symbiosis between Animals and Bacteria 80
3.5 Functioning Mechanisms of Symbiosis between Animals and the Other Livings 81
3.5.1 Improving Nutrition of Symbionts 81
3.5.2 Synthesizing Secondary Metabolism Substances 81
3.5.3 Regulating Gene Expression 82
4 Symbiosis between Plants and Fungi 83
4.1 Systems of Symbiosis between Plants and Fungi 83
4.1.1 Sites of Symbiosis between Plants and Fungi 84
4.1.2 Types of Symbiosis between Plants and Fungi 89
4.1.3 Structures of Symbiosis between Plants and Fungi 90
4.2 Plant Symbiotic Fungi 98
4.2.1 Species of Plant Symbiotic Fungi 99
4.2.2 Isolation and Culture of Plant Symbiotic Fungi 116
4.2.3 Growth and Development of Plant Symbiotic Fungi 119
4.3 Symbiont Development of Symbiosis between Plants and Fungi 124
4.3.1 Colonization Features of Mycorrhizal Fungi 125
4.3.2 Colonization Features of Dark Septate Endophytic Fungi 131
4.3.3 Colonization Features ofPiriforrriospora indica 1 33
4.3.4 Colonization Features of the Gramineous Herb Symbiotic Fungi 135
4.4 Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Plants and Fungi 137
4.4.1 Biochemical Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Plants and Fungi 137
4.4.2 Physiological Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Plants and Fungi 139
4.4.3 Ecological Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Plants and Fungi 143
4.4.4 Genetic Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Plants and Fungi 144
4.5 Physiological and Ecological Functions of Symbiosis Between Plants and Fungi 145
4.5.1 Improving Production ofAgriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery 146
4.5.2 Enhancing Safety of Environments and Food 157
4.5.3 Increasing Biodiversity 158
4.5.4 Maintaining Ecosystem Stabilization 158
4.6 Functioning Mechanisms of Symbiosis between Plants and Fungi 159
4.6.1 Mechanisms of Improving Nutrition of Plants 159
4.6.2 Mechanisms of Increasing Stress Tolerances of Plants 160
4.6.3 Mechanisms of Promoting Growth, Yield and Quality of Plants 165
5 Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 167
5.1 Systems of Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 167
5.1.1 Sites of Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 168
5.1.2 Types of Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 177
5.1.3 Structures of Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 180
5.2 Plant Symbiotic Bacteria 182
5.2.1 Species of Plant Symbiotic Bacteria 183
5.2.2 Isolation and Culture of Plant Symbiotic Bacteria 194
5.3 Symbiont Development of Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 195
5.3.1 Nodule Symbionts Formed with Legume and Rhizobiurn 195
5.3.2 Symbiotic Systems between Plants and Actinomycetes 196
5.3.3 Symbiotic Systems between Plants and the Other Bacteria 198
5.4 Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Plants and Bacteria 199
5.4.1 Biochemical Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Plants and Bacteria 199
5.4.2 Physiological Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Plants and Bacteria 200
5.4.3 Ecological Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Plants and Bacteria 202
5.4.4 Genetic Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Plants and Bacteria 203
5.5 Physiological and Ecological Functions of Symbiosis Between Plants and Bacteria 203
5.5.1 Improving Plant Nutrition by Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 203
5.5.2 Enhancing Stress Tolerances of plants by Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 204
5.5.3 Increasing Soil Fertilities by Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 206
5.5.4 Promoting Growth, Yield and Quality of Plants by Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 206
5.6 Functioning Mechanisms of Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 207
5.6.1 Mechanisms of Improving Nutrition of Plants 208
5.6.2 Mechanisms of Increasing Stress Tolerances of Plants 208
5.6.3 Mechanisms ofAdding Soil Fertilities by Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 210
5.6.4 Mechanisms of Promoting Growth, Yield and Quality of Plants 211
6 Symbiosis between Fungi and Bacteria 214
6.1 Types of Symbiosis between Fungi and Bacteria 214
6.1.1 Symbiosis between Lichen forming Fungi and Cyanobacteria 214
6.1.2 Symbiosis between Mycorrhizal Fungi and Bacteria 216
6.1.3 Symbiosis between the Other Fungi and Bacteria 217
6.2 Morphological Structures of Symbionts Formed Fungi and Bacteria 217
6.2.1 Symbionts Formed with Lichenized Fungi and Bacteria 217
6.2.2 Symbionts Formed with mycorrhizal fungi and Bacteria 219
6.2.3 Symbionts Formed with the Other Fungi and Bacteria 219
6.3 Growth and Development of Symbionts Formed with Fungi and Bacteria 219
6.3.1 Development of Symbionts Formed with Lichenized Fungi and Bacteria 219
6.3.2 Development of Symbionts Formed with Mycorrhizal Fungi and Bacteria 220
6.4 Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Fungi and Bacteria 220
6.4.1 Biochemical Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Fungi and Bacteria 220
6.4.2 Physiological Mechanisms of Syrubiosis Between Fungi and Bacteria 220
6.4.3 Ecological Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Fungi and Bacteria 221
6.4.4 Genetic Mechanisms of Symbiosis Between Fungi and Bacteria 221
6.5 Physiological and Ecological Functions and its Functioning Mechanisms of Symbiosis between Fungi and Bacteria 222
6.5.1 Physiological and Ecological Effects of Symbiosis between Fungi and Bacteria 223
6.5.2 Functioning Mechanisms of Symbiosis between Fungi and Bacteria 227
7 Multiple Symbiosis Systems 229
7.1 Types of Multiple Symbiosis Systems 229
7.1.1Types of Multiple Symbiosis Systems Formed with Animals as the Main Body 229
7.1.2 Types of Multiple Symbiosis Systems Formed with Plants as the Main Body 231
7.1.3 Types of Multiple Symbiosis Systems Formed with Fungi as the Main Body 234
7.2 Morphological Features of'Multiple Symbiosis Systems 235
7.3 Development Characteristics and Symbiotic Mechanisms of Multiple Symbiosis Systems 235
7.3.1 Establishment Processes of Multiple Symbionts Insects+Plants+Fungi 235
7.3.2 Development of Multiple Symbionts Plants+ECM fungi+AM fungi 236
7.3.3 Symbiotic Mechanisms of Multiple Symbionts Legume+AM fungi+Rhizobiurn 237
7.4 Physiological and Ecological Functions of Multiple Symbionts 239
7.4.1 Improving Plant Nutrition 239
7.4.2 Enhancing Plant Stress Resistance 240
7.4.3 Increasing Plant Growth 241
7.4.4 Rehabilitating Polluted and Degraded Soils 242
7.5 Functioning Mechanisms of Multiple Symbionts 243
7.5.1 Adjusting Hormone Levels 244
7.5.2 Promoting Physiological Metabolisms 244
7.5.3 Regulating Related Gene 245
7.5.4 Realizing Function Complementation 245
8 Ecology of Biological Symbiotics 248
8.1 Diversities of Ecosystems of Biological Symbiosis 248
8.1.1 Forest Ecosystems 248
8.1.2 Grassland Ecosystems 249
8.1.3 Desert Ecosystems 249
8.1.4 Marine Ecosystems 250
8.1.5 Ecosystems of Rivers, Lakes, and Wetlands 252
8.1.6 Agricultural Ecosystems 253
8.1.7 Urban Ecosystems 254
8.2 Microecosystems ofBiological Symbiosis 254
8.3 Factors of Influencing Biological Symbiosis and Regulation 255
8.3.1 Biological Factors 255
8.3.2 Geographic Factors 261
8.3.3 Climate Factors 263
8.3.4 Soil Fertilities 266
8.3.5 Aquatic Conditions 270
8.3.6 Agricultural Techniques 272
8.3.7 0ther Factors 277
9 Technique Application and Development of Biological Symbiotics 281
9.1 Types ofBiological Symbiosis Techniques 281
9.1.1 Techniques of Symbiosis between Animals and Animals 281
9.1.2 Techniques of Symbiosis between Animals and Plants 282
9.1.3 Techniques of Symbiosis between Plants and Plants 283
9.1.4 Techniques of Symbiosis between Plants and Fungi 283
9.1.5 Techniques of Symbiosis between Plants and Bacteria 283
9.1.6 Techniques of Symbiosis between Fungi and Bacteria 284
9.2 Application Domains of Biological Symbiosis Techniques 284
9.2.1 Medical Domain of Human and Animals 284
9.2.2 Production Industry ofAnimals, Plants, and Edible Fungi 287
9.2.3 Field of Environment Protection 294
9.3 Application Prospects of Biological Symbiosis Techniques 295
10 Research Methods of Biological Symbiotics 300
10.1 Methods and Techniques for Symbiotic Fungi 300
10.1.1 Animal Symbiotic Fungi 300
10.1.2 Plant Symbiotic Fungi 305
10.1.3 Lichen forming Fungi 320
10.2 Methods and Techniques for Symbiotic Bacteria 324
10.2.1 Animal Symbiotic Bacteria 324
10.2.2 Plant Symbiotic Bacteria 328
10.3 Application ofMolecular Biotechnologies in the Researches ofBiological Symbiotics 331
10.3.1 Brief Introduction to Modern Molecular Techniques 331
10.3.2 Identification of Symbiotic Bacteria and Fungi with Molecular Biotechniques 336
10.3.3 Investigations on Characteristics of Community Structures of Symbiotic Bacteria and Fungi 337
10.3.4 0mics Researches of Symbiotic Bacteria and Fungi 340
References 344