目錄
第一章 瘋草研究簡(jiǎn)史 1
第一節(jié) 國(guó)外瘋草研究歷史 1
一、第一階段：瘋草毒性災(zāi)害發(fā)現(xiàn)與認(rèn)識(shí) 1
二、第二階段：瘋草毒素確證與認(rèn)識(shí) 2
三、第三階段：苦馬豆素毒性研究 3
四、第四階段：瘋草毒素苦馬豆素產(chǎn)毒機(jī)制研究 3
第二節(jié) 我國(guó)瘋草研究歷史 4
一、第一階段：瘋草類有毒植物發(fā)現(xiàn)與認(rèn)識(shí) 4
二、第二階段：瘋草毒物學(xué)與毒理學(xué)研究 4
三、第三階段：牲畜瘋草中毒控制技術(shù)研究與推廣 5
第二章 中國(guó)西部天然草地瘋草種類及分布 8
第一節(jié) 瘋草的概念 8
第二節(jié) 西部天然草地瘋草類有毒植物 8
第三節(jié) 青藏區(qū)主要瘋草種類及分布 10
一、主要瘋草種類及分布 10
二、瘋草空間分布格局 11
三、西藏草地主要瘋草種類及分布 13
四、青海瘋草種類及分布 14
第四節(jié) 蒙新區(qū)主要瘋草種類及分布 16
一、內(nèi)蒙古瘋草種類及分布 16
二、甘肅瘋草種類及分布 16
三、新疆瘋草種類及分布 17
第三章 瘋草遙感監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù) 18
第一節(jié) 瘋草GPS信息定位與光譜特征 18
一、瘋草GPS信息定位 18
二、瘋草光譜特征 18
第二節(jié) 阿里地區(qū)瘋草遙感監(jiān)測(cè) 24
一、監(jiān)測(cè)區(qū)地理位置 24
二、監(jiān)測(cè)步驟 24
三、監(jiān)測(cè)區(qū)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的收集與處理 25
四、小結(jié) 33
第三節(jié) 西藏瘋草資源管理系統(tǒng) 34
一、瘋草資源管理系統(tǒng)構(gòu)建 34
二、瘋草資源管理系統(tǒng)功能 34
第四章 主要瘋草形態(tài)學(xué)與生物學(xué)特性 36
第一節(jié) 主要棘豆的形態(tài)特征 36
一、冰川棘豆Oxytropis proboscidea 36
二、甘肅棘豆Oxytropis kansuensis 37
三、黃花棘豆Oxytropis ochrocephala 38
四、小花棘豆Oxytropis glabra 40
五、毛瓣棘豆Oxytropis sericopetala 40
六、鐮形棘豆Oxytropis falcata 43
七、寬苞棘豆Oxytropis latibracteata 44
八、急彎棘豆Oxytropis deflexa 44
九、硬毛棘豆Oxytropis fetissovii 46
十、瘤果棘豆（小葉棘豆）Oxytropis micropthlla 47
十一、二花棘豆Oxytropis biflora 49
十二、灰葉棘豆Oxytropis cinerascens 49
十三、鋪地棘豆Oxytropis humifusa 50
十四、絹毛棘豆Oxytropis tatarica 51
十五、輪葉棘豆Oxytropis chiliophylla 51
十六、密叢棘豆Oxytropis densa 51
十七、黑萼棘豆Oxytropis melanocalyx 52
第二節(jié) 主要黃耆的形態(tài)特征 54
一、莖直黃耆（勁直黃耆）Astragalus strictus 54
二、西藏黃耆Astragalus tibetanus 54
三、叢生黃耆Astragalus confertus 55
四、變異黃耆Astragalus variabilis 55
五、堅(jiān)硬黃耆Astragalus rigidulus 55
六、直立黃耆Astragalus absurgens 56
第三節(jié) 瘋草生物學(xué)共性 57
第五章 瘋草成災(zāi)機(jī)制及危害 58
第一節(jié) 瘋草成災(zāi)機(jī)制 58
一、與惜殺惜售、超載過(guò)牧的關(guān)系 58
二、與氣候變暖、干旱的關(guān)系 58
三、與早春溫度回升的關(guān)系 58
四、與海拔的關(guān)系 58
五、與畜種及年齡的關(guān)系 59
第二節(jié) 瘋草、家畜、環(huán)境三者相互關(guān)系 59
一、家畜采食瘋草的原因 59
二、牛、羊與瘋草之間的關(guān)系 59
三、三者之間的關(guān)系 60
第三節(jié) 瘋草的危害 60
一、瘋草對(duì)草地畜牧業(yè)的危害 60
二、瘋草對(duì)家畜機(jī)體的影響 64
第六章 瘋草營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分和苦馬豆素含量動(dòng)態(tài)變化規(guī)律 70
第一節(jié) 瘋草營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分 70
一、西藏主要瘋草冰川棘豆的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分 70
二、西藏天然草地三種主要瘋草不同物候期營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分的比較 70
三、青海黃花棘豆不同生長(zhǎng)期的主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分 75
第二節(jié) 瘋草中苦馬豆素含量動(dòng)態(tài)變化規(guī)律 77
第七章 瘋草“五利一害”的經(jīng)濟(jì)意義 85
第一節(jié) 瘋草“五利” 85
一、去毒加工可作為飼草料 85
二、生態(tài)衛(wèi)士 85
三、牧草的貯存庫(kù) 86
四、重要的藥用植物 86
五、重要天敵昆蟲(chóng)芫菁的寄主 87
第二節(jié) 瘋草“一害” 87
第八章 瘋草的利用 88
第一節(jié) 瘋草飼料化利用 88
一、冰川棘豆和燕麥草混合青貯去毒加工利用技術(shù) 88
二、黃花棘豆青貯去毒加工利用技術(shù) 90
三、浸泡或加酸去毒加工利用技術(shù) 101
四、顆粒飼料加工利用技術(shù) 101
第二節(jié) 瘋草藥用資源開(kāi)發(fā) 103
第三節(jié) 苦馬豆素藥理活性研究 106
一、苦馬豆素體外抗腫瘤作用 106
二、苦馬豆素的抑瘤和免疫增強(qiáng)作用 110
三、苦馬豆素抗牛病毒性腹瀉病毒作用 114
第四節(jié) 瘋草活性物質(zhì)苦馬豆素的提取 123
一、莖直黃耆中苦馬豆素的微波輔助提取工藝 123
二、莖直黃耆中苦馬豆素的酶法提取工藝 124
三、甘肅棘豆中苦馬豆素的提取分離工藝 128
四、毛瓣棘豆中苦馬豆素的提取分離工藝 131
五、綠僵菌發(fā)酵提純苦馬豆素的工藝研究 133
第五節(jié) 苦馬豆素的來(lái)源、藥理作用及檢測(cè)方法研究進(jìn)展 135
一、苦馬豆素的來(lái)源 135
二、苦馬豆素的藥理作用 140
三、苦馬豆素的檢測(cè)方法 142
第九章 家畜瘋草中毒防治新藥 144
第一節(jié) 家畜瘋草中毒機(jī)制與藥物解毒原理 144
一、家畜瘋草中毒機(jī)制 144
二、藥物解毒原理 144
第二節(jié) “棘防E 號(hào)”的研制及藥效試驗(yàn) 145
一、“棘防E 號(hào)”的藥效試驗(yàn) 145
二、“棘防E 號(hào)”的安全性評(píng)價(jià)及藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)研究 146
第三節(jié) 瘋草靈解毒緩釋丸的研制及藥效試驗(yàn) 151
一、組方 151
二、瘋草靈解毒緩釋丸的藥效試驗(yàn) 151
三、瘋草靈解毒緩釋丸的使用方法 156
四、瘋草靈解毒緩釋丸的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 156
第四節(jié) 當(dāng)芪參胡錠的研制及藥效試驗(yàn) 158
一、組方 158
二、預(yù)防劑（當(dāng)芪參胡錠）的藥效試驗(yàn) 158
三、預(yù)防劑（當(dāng)芪參胡錠）的毒性試驗(yàn) 160
四、預(yù)防劑（當(dāng)芪參胡錠）的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)試驗(yàn) 163
五、預(yù)防劑（當(dāng)芪參胡錠）的穩(wěn)定性 169
六、預(yù)防劑（當(dāng)芪參胡錠）中試生產(chǎn) 170
七、當(dāng)芪參胡錠質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)草案制定 172
第五節(jié) 速康解毒口服溶液的研制及藥效試驗(yàn) 173
一、組方 173
二、治療劑（速康解毒口服溶液）的藥效試驗(yàn) 173
三、瘋草人工中毒解毒家兔病理模型的建立及病理學(xué)觀察 185
四、治療劑（速康解毒口服溶液）的毒性試驗(yàn) 189
五、治療劑（速康解毒口服溶液）的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)試驗(yàn) 195
六、治療劑（速康解毒口服溶液）的穩(wěn)定性 201
七、治療劑（速康解毒口服溶液）中試生產(chǎn) 205
第六節(jié) 防治動(dòng)物瘋草中毒營(yíng)養(yǎng)舔磚的研制 207
一、組方 207
二、營(yíng)養(yǎng)舔磚中試生產(chǎn) 208
三、營(yíng)養(yǎng)舔磚質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)草案制定 209
第十章 天然草地羊瘋草中毒病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 216
一、流行病學(xué)診斷 216
二、臨床診斷 216
三、實(shí)驗(yàn)室診斷 217
四、鑒別診斷 217
五、血清-甘露糖苷酶（-AMA）活性比色測(cè)定法 218
第十一章 瘋草綜合防治與利用——“三·五”技術(shù)體系 220
第一節(jié) 瘋草五項(xiàng)利用技術(shù) 220
一、瘋草的飼料化利用 220
二、牧草貯存庫(kù) 220
三、中藥藥材 221
四、芫菁寄主 221
五、荒漠化草原重要植被 221
第二節(jié) 瘋草中毒五項(xiàng)防治技術(shù) 222
一、自然康復(fù) 222
二、生態(tài)康復(fù) 222
三、藥物治療 222
四、藥物預(yù)防 223
五、科學(xué)放牧 224
第三節(jié) 瘋草猖獗發(fā)生五項(xiàng)控制技術(shù) 225
一、以蟲(chóng)治草 225
二、以草治草 226
三、以畜治草 226
四、物理防控 226
五、化學(xué)防控 226
第十二章 瘋草中毒家畜肉產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全性評(píng)價(jià) 228
第一節(jié) 瘋草自然中毒羊組織中苦馬豆素的含量檢測(cè) 228
一、材料 228
二、方法 228
三、結(jié)果 229
四、小結(jié) 230
第二節(jié) 瘋草自然中毒牲畜肌肉組織中苦馬豆素的去毒處理 230
一、材料 230
二、方法 230
三、結(jié)果 231
四、小結(jié) 231
第三節(jié) 瘋草慢性中毒綿羊組織中苦馬豆素的清除 232
一、材料與方法 232
二、結(jié)果 232
三、小結(jié) 234
四、結(jié)論 236
附件 237
主要參考文獻(xiàn) 244
圖版
Contents
Chapter 1 Brief History of Locoweed Research 1
1. Locoweed Research in Foreign Countries 1
1.1 Discovery of the Toxicity of Locoweed 1
1.2 Confirmation of the Toxicity of Locoweed 2
1.3 Toxicity Research on Swainonine 3
1.4 Research on the Toxic Mechanism of Swainonine 3
2. Locoweed Research in China 4
2.1 Discovery of Poisonous Plants Like Locoweed 4
2.2 Toxicology Research on Locoweed 4
2.3 Study and Promotion of Technologies to Control Locoism among Livestock 5
Chapter 2 Species and Distribution of Natural Grassland Locoweed in Western China 8
1. Conception of Locoweed 8
2. Poisonous Plants just like Locoweed of Natural Grassland in Western China 8
3. Species and Distribution of Locoweed in Qinghai - Tibet Area 10
3.1 Species and Distribution of Locoweed in Qinghai - Tibet Area 10
3.2 Spatial Distribution Pattern of Locoweed in Qinghai - Tibet Area 11
3.3 Species and Distribution of Main Locoweeds in Tibet 13
3.4 Species and Distribution of Locoweeds in Qinghai Province 14
4. Species and Distribution of Main Locoweeds in Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Area 16
4.1 Species and Distribution of Locoweed in Inner Mongolia 16
4.2 Species and Distribution of Locoweed in Gansu Province 16
4.3 Species and Distribution of Locoweed in Xinjiang 17
Chapter 3 Locoweed Remote Sensing and Monitoring Technology 18
1.GPS Information Positioning and Spectral Characteristics of Locoweed 18
1.1 GPS Information Positioning of Locoweed 18
1.2 Spectral Characteristics of Locoweed 18
2. Remote Sensing and Monitoring of Locoweed in Ngari Prefecture 24
2.1 Location of Monitoring Area 24
2.2 Monitoring Steps 24
2.3 Data Collecting and Process in Monitoring Area 25
2.4 Summary 33
3. Management System of Locoweed Resources in Tibet 34
3.1 Establishment of the Management System of Locoweed Resources 34
3.2 Function of the Management System of Locoweed Resources 34
Chapter 4 Morphological and Biological Characteristics of Main Locoweeds 36
1. Morphological Characteristics of Main Oxytropis 36
1.1 Oxytropis proboscidea 36
1.2 Oxytropis kansuensis 37
1.3 Oxytropis ochrocephala 38
1.4 Oxytropis glabra 40
1.5 Oxytropis sericopetala 40
1.6 Oxytropis falcata 43
1.7 Oxytropis latibracteata 44
1.8 Oxytropis deflexa 44
1.9 Oxytropis fetissovii 46
1.10 Oxytropis micropthlla 47
1.11 Oxytropis biflora 49
1.12 Oxytropis cinerascens 49
1.13 Oxytropis humifusa 50
1.14 Oxytropis tatarica 51
1.15 Oxytropis chiliophylla 51
1.16 Oxytropis densa 51
1.17 Oxytropis melanocalyx 52
2. Morphological Characteristics of Main Astragalus 54
2.1 Astragalus strictus 54
2.2 Astragalus tibetanus 54
2.3 Astragalus confertus 55
2.4 Astragalus variabilis 55
2.5 Astragalus rigidulus 55
2.6 Astragalus absurgens 56
3. Common Biological Features of Locoweeds 57
Chapter 5 Mechanisms and Harms of Locoweed Rampancy 58
1. Mechanisms of Locoweed Rampancy 58
1.1 Reluctant Killing and Selling and Overloaded Pasture 58
1.2 Global Warming and Drought 58
1.3 Temperature Rises in Early Spring 58
1.4 Altitude 58
1.5 Species and Age of Livestock 59
2. Interrelationships among Locoweed, Livestock, and Environment 59
2.1 Reasons of Livestock’s Eating Locoweed 59
2.2 Relations between Livestock and Locoweed 59
2.3 Interrelationships among Locoweed, Livestock, and Environment 60
3. Harms of Locoweed 60
3.1 Harms to Grassland Animal Husbandry 60
3.2 Harms to Livestock Body 64
Chapter 6 Nutrient Ingredients of Locoweed and Dynamic Change Laws of Swainonine 70
1. Nutrient Ingredients of Locoweed 70
1.1 Nutrient Ingredients of Oxytropis proboscidea–Main Locoweed in Tibet 70
1.2 Comparisons between Nutrient Ingredients of Three Main Locoweeds in Tibet in Different Phenological periods 70
1.3 Main Nutrient Ingredients of Oxytropis ochrocephala in Qinghai Province in Different Periods of Growth 75
2. Dynamic Change Laws of Swainonine in Locoweed 77
Chapter 7 Economic Significance of the “Five Benefits and One Harm” of Locoweed 85
1. “Five Benefits” of Locoweed 85
1.1 Forage after Detoxification 85
1.2 Ecological Guards 85
1.3 Repository of Forage Grass 86
1.4 Significant Medicinal Plants 86
1.5 Host of Blister Beetle 87
2. “One Harm” of Locoweed 87
Chapter 8 Utilization of Locoweed 88
1. Use of Locoweed as Forage 88
1.1 Processing and Utilization Technology of Oxytropis proboscidea after Detoxification Process by Making It into Silage with Oat Grass 88
1.2 Processing and Utilization Technology of Oxytropis ochrocephala after Detoxification Process by Making It into Silage 90
1.3 Utilization and Detoxification Technologies of Soaking or Adding Acid 101
1.4 Processing and Utilization Technologies of Pallet Feed 101
2. Development of Medicinal Resources of Locoweed 103
3. Research on Pharmacological Activity of Swainonine 106
3.1 External Anti-tumor Effect of Swainonine 106
3.2 Tumor-inhibition and Immunity Enhancement Effects of Swainonine 110
3.3 Effects of Swainonine against Diarrhea Virus among Cattle 114
4. Extraction of Swainonine from Locoweed 123
4.1 Microwave Assisted Extraction Process of Swainonine from Astragalus strictus 123
4.2 Enzymatic Extraction Process of Swainonine from Astragalus strictus 124
4.3 Extraction and Separation Processes of Swainonine from Oxytropis kansuensis 128
4.4 Extraction and Separation Processes of Swainonine from Oxytropis sericopetala 131
4.5 Research on Purification Process of Swainonine by Metarhizium anisopliae Fermentation 133
5. Research Progress of the Origin, Pharmacological Effects, and Detection 135
5.1 Source of the Swainonine 135
5.2 Pharmacological Action of the Swainonine 140
5.3 Detection Method of the Swainonine 142
Chapter 9 New Medicine on Locoism 144
1. Mechanism of Locoism among Livestock and Drug Detoxification Principle 144
1.1 Mechanism of Locoism among Livestock 144
1.2 Drug Detoxification Principle 144
2. Development of “Jifang E” and Its Efficacy Tests 145
2.1 Efficacy Tests of “Jifang E” 145
2.2 Safety Evaluation of “Jifang E” and Its Pharmacokinetics Research 146
3. Development of “Fengcaoling Detoxification Slow Release Pill” and Its Efficacy Tests 151
3.1 Medicinal Formula 151
3.2 Efficacy Tests of “Fengcaoling Detoxification Slow Release Pill” 151
3.3 Instructions of “Fengcaoling Detoxification Slow Release Pill” 156
3.4 Quality Standards of “Fengcaoling Detoxification Slow Release Pill” 156
4. Development of “Dangqishenhu Pill” and Its Efficacy Tests 158
4.1 Medicinal Formula 158
4.2 Efficacy Tests of Prophylactic“Dangqishenhu Pill” 158
4.3 Toxicity Tests of Prophylactic“Dangqishenhu Pill” 160
4.4 Pharmacokinetics Tests of Prophylactic “Dangqishenhu Pill” 163
4.5 Stability of Prophylactic“Dangqishenhu Pill” 169
4.6 Pilot Production of Prophylactic“Dangqishenhu Pill” 170
4.7 Produce a Draft for Quality Standards of“Dangqishenhu Pill” 172
5. Development of Therapeutic Agent “Sukang Detoxification Oral Solution” and Its Efficacy Tests 173
5.1 Medicinal Formula 173
5.2 Efficacy Tests of Therapeutic Agent “Sukang Detoxification Oral Solution” 173
5.3 Establishment of Rabbit Pathology Model with Manual Operations of Locoweed Poisoning and Detoxification and Its Pathology Observation 185
5.4 Toxicity Tests of Therapeutic Agent “Sukang Detoxification Oral Solution” 189
5.5 Pharmacokinetics Tests of Therapeutic Agent “Sukang Detoxification Oral Solution” on Test Rats 195
5.6 Stability of Therapeutic Agent “Sukang Detoxification Oral Solution” 201
5.7 Pilot production of Therapeutic Agent “Sukang Detoxification Oral Solution” 205
6. Development of Nutrition Lick Brick that Controls Animal Locoism 207
6.1 Medicinal Formula 207
6.2 Pilot Production of Nutrition Lick Brick 208
6.3 Quality Standards of Nutrition Lick Brick 209
Chapter 10 Diagnostic Criteria of Locoism among Sheep in Natural Grassland 216
1.1 Epidemiological Diagnosis 216
1.2 Clinical Diagnosis 216
1.3 Laboratory Diagnosis 217
1.4 Differential Diagnosis 217
1.5 Colorietry under Activity of α-AMA of Surum 218
Chapter 11 Comprehensive Control and Utilization of Locoweed—“Three·Five” Technology System 220
1. Five Techniques to Make Use of Locoweed 220
1.1 Feeding Utilization of Locoweed 220
1.2 Pasture Repository 220
1.3 Chinese Herbal Medicine 221
1.4 Host of Blister Beetles 221
1.5 Important Vegetation in Desertified Grassland 221
2. Five Ways to Prevent and Cure Locoism 222
2.1 Natural Rehabilitation 222
2.2 Ecological Rehabilitation 222
2.3 Medical Treatment 222
2.4 Drug Prevention 223
2.5 Scientific Grazing 224
3. Five Methods to Control Locoweed Rampancy 225
3.1 Locoweed Rampancy Control with Insects 225
3.2 Locoweed Rampancy Control with Grass 226
3.3 Locoweed Rampancy Control with Livestock 226
3.4 Physical Control 226
3.5 Chemical Control 226
Chapter 12 Safety Evaluation of Livestock Meat with Locoism 228
1. Swainonine Content Detection of Sheep Tissue with Locoism 228
1.1 Material 228
1.2 Method 228
1.3 Results 229
1.4 Summary 230
2. Swainonine Detoxification Processing of Livestock Muscle Tissue with Locoism 230
2.1 Material 230
2.2 Method 230
2.3 Results 231
2.4 Summary 231
3. Swainonine Elimination of Sheep Tissue with Chronic Locoism 232
3.1 Material and Method 232
3.2 Results 232
3.3 Summary 234
3.4 Conclusion 236
Appendix 237
References 244
Plates