Contents Part 1　Fundamentals 1 Chapter 1　Introduction to Computer Programming 1 1.1　History and Hardware 1 1.2　Programming Languages 7 1.3　Algorithms 12 1.4　The Software Development Process 15 1.5　Case Study: Design and Development 22 1.6　Common Programming Errors 25 1.7　Chapter Summary 25 1.8　Chapter Appendix: Numerical Storage Codes 26 Chapter 2　Getting Started in C Programming 28 2.1　Introduction to C Programming 28 2.2　Programming Style 36 2.3　Data Types 40 2.4　Arithmetic Operations 45 2.5　Variables and Declarations 53 2.6　Case Study: Temperature Conversion 61 2.7　Common Programming and Compiler Errors 64 2.8　Chapter Summary 66 2.9　Chapter Supplement: Memory Allocation 67 Chapter 3　Processing and Interactive Input 73 3.1　Assignment 73 3.2　Mathematical Library Functions 81 3.3　Interactive Input 85 3.4　Formatted Output 94 3.5　Symbolic Constants 101 3.6　Case Study: Interactive Input 103 3.7　Common Programming and Compiler Errors 108 3.8　Chapter Summary 109 3.9　Chapter Supplement: Introduction to Abstraction 110 Part 2　Flow of Control 112 Chapter 4　Selection 112 4.1　Relational Expressions 112 4.2　The if and if-else Statements 117 4.3　The if-else Chain 126 4.4　The switch Statement 132 4.5　Case Study: Data Validation 138 4.6　Common Programming and Compiler Errors 141 4.7　Chapter Summary 143 4.8　Chapter Supplement: Errors, Testing, and Debugging 144 Chapter 5　Repetition 149 5.1　Basic Loop Structures 149 5.2　The while Statement 152 5.3　Computing Sums and Averages Using a while Loop 158 5.4　The for Statement 167 5.5　Case Studies: Loop Programming Techniques 174 5.6　Nested Loops 180 5.7　The do-while Statement 183 5.8　Common Programming and Compiler Errors 187 5.9　Chapter Summary 188 Chapter 6　Modularity Using Functions: Part I 190 6.1　Function and Parameter Declarations 190 6.2　Returning a Value 201 6.3　Case Study: Calculating Age Norms 209 6.4　Standard Library Functions 217 6.5　Common Programming and Compiler Errors 228 6.6　Chapter Summary 229 Chapter 7　Modularity Using Functions: Part II 230 7.1　Variable Scope 231 7.2　Variable Storage Class 236 7.3　Pass by Reference 242 7.4　Case Study: Swapping Values 251 7.5　Recursion 257 7.6　Common Programming and Compiler Errors 261 7.7　Chapter Summary 262 Part 3　Completing the Basics 264 Chapter 8　Arrays 264 8.1　One-Dimensional Arrays 265 8.2?Array Initialization 272 8.3　Arrays as Function Arguments 276 8.4　Case Study: Computing Averages and Standard Deviations 279 8.5　Two-Dimensional Arrays 284 8.6　Common Programming and Compiler Errors 292 8.7　Chapter Summary 293 8.8　Chapter Supplement: Searching and Sorting Methods 293 Chapter 9　Character Strings 312 9.1　String Fundamentals 312 9.2　Library Functions 321 9.3　Input Data Validation 327 9.4　Formatting Strings (Optional) 333 9.5　Case Study: Character and Word Counting 335 9.6　Common Programming and Compiler Errors 340 9.7　Chapter Summary 341 Chapter 10　Data Files 342 10.1?Declaring, Opening, and Closing File Streams 342 10.2?Reading from and Writing to Text Files 352 10.3?Random File Access 359 10.4?Passing and Returning Filenames 361 10.5?Case Study: Creating and Using a Table of Constants 363 10.6?Writing and Reading Binary Files (Optional) 371 10.7?Common Programming and Compiler Errors 375 10.8?Chapter Summary 376 10.9?Chapter Supplement: Control Codes 377 Part 4　Additional Topics 380 Chapter 11　Arrays, Addresses, and Pointers 380 11.1?Array Names as Pointers 380 11.2?Manipulating Pointers 385 11.3?Passing and Using Array Addresses 390 11.4?Processing Strings Using Pointers 395 11.5?Creating Strings Using Pointers 399 11.6?Common Programming and Compiler Errors 404 11.7?Chapter Summary 405 Chapter 12　Structures 406 12.1?Single Structures 406 12.2?Arrays of Structures 411 12.3?Passing and Returning Structures 415 12.4?Unions 420 12.5?Common Programming and Compiler Errors 422 12.6?Chapter Summary 423 Chapter 13　Dynamic Data Structures 425 13.1?Introduction to Linked Lists 425 13.2?Dynamic Memory Allocation 432 13.3?Stacks 436 13.4?Queues 442 13.5?Dynamically Linked Lists 447 13.6?Common Programming and Compiler Errors 453 13.7?Chapter Summary 454 Chapter 14　Additional Capabilities 456 14.1?Additional Features 456 14.2?Bit Operations 461 14.3?Macros 467 14.4?Command-Line Arguments 469 14.5?Common Programming and Compiler Errors 473 14.6?Chapter Summary 473 Chapter 15　A Brief Introduction to C++ 475 15.1?Procedural Programming in C++ 475 15.2?Object-Oriented C++ 479 15.3?Common Programming and Compiler Errors 481 15.4?Chapter Summary 482 Appendix A　Operator Precedence Table 484 Appendix B　ASCII Character Codes 485 Appendix C　The Standard C Library 488 Appendix D　Input, Output, and Standard Error Redirection 493 Appendix E　Floating-Point Number Storage 495 Appendix F　Creating a Personal Library 497 Appendix G　Solutions to Short Answer Questions 499