Contents
Foreword 1
Foreword 2
Preface
Participant
1. Chief Scientists
2. Advisory Group
3. Scientific Team
4. Technical Team
Section 1 Geological Background of the Songliao Basin 1
1.1 Geologic and Tectonic Evolution of the Songliao Basin 5
1.2 Tectono-stratigraphic Framework of the Songliao Basin 6
1.2.1 Pre-rift and Syn-rift Tectonostratigraphic Units 6
1.2.2 Stratigraphic Sequences of the Early Thermal Subsidence Stage 7
1.2.3 Stratigraphic Sequences of the Late Thermal Subsidence Stage 9
1.3 Palaeoenviromental and Palaeoclimatic Studies of the Songliao Basin 12
1.4 Scientific Objectives of the Continental Scientific Drilling Project of the Cretaceous Songliao Basin 16
1.4.1 Stratigraphic Boundaries and Marineterrestrial Correlation of Stratigraphy 17
1.4.2 Biotic Response to Terrestrial Environmental Change and the DeepBiosphere (Fossil DNA) 18
1.4.3 Terrestrial Response to Oceanic Anoxic Events and Formation of Massive Terrestrial Hydrocarbon Source Rocks 19
1.4.4 Cretaceous Normal Superchron from Terrestrial Records 20
Section 2 Selection of Drilling Site 23
2.1 Process of site selection 24
2.2 Site Location 26
2.3 Simulated Lithological Column for Well SK-1 before Drilling 28
Section 3 Implementation of SK-1 Drilling and Preservation of Cores 33
3.1 Drilling Design 34
3.1.1 Technical Goals 34
3.1.2 Drilling and Coring Requirements 34
3.1.3 “One Well-two Holes” Design Solution 35
3.1.4 Borehole Structure and Casing Procedure 36
3.1.5 Drilling Devices 38
3.2 Intergrated Coring Technique for the Extremely hong and High-recovery Drilling 40
3.2.1 Coring Tools 40
3.2.2 Coring Techniques 41
3.2.3 Directional Coring Technique 43
3.2.4 Fluorescent carboxylation Microsphere Tracing and Sealed CoringTechnique 47
3.2.5 Hydraulic Core Extraction 49
3.2.6 Log Core Identification Techniques and Core Description 50
3.3 Construction Organization and Management of SK-1 51
3.4 Implementation and Technique of Well Logging 52
3.4.1 Logging Design of SK-1 53
3.4.2 Implementation of the SK-1 Well Logging Project 59
3.4.3 Result of the SK-1 Well Logging Project 59
3.5 Comparison and Evaluation of the Designed and Implemented one Well-two Holes Quantities 59
3.5.1 SK-1 North Borehole (SK-1n) 59
3.5.2 SK-1 South Borehole (SK-1s) 61
3.5.3 Quality Evaluation of the SK-1n and SK-1s Engineering 62
3.5.4 Core Depth Location of SK-1 65
3.6 Core Handling and Storage 71
3.6.1 Core Handling and Storage at the Drilling Site 72
3.6.2 Core Scanning and Storage 72
3.6.3 Cutting, Casting and Long-term Preservation of SK-1 Cores 72
3.6.4 Core Sampling of SK-1 75
Section 4 Preliminary Scientific Results of SK-1 79
4.1 Lithostratigraphy 80
4.1.1 Methods and Summary of Core Description 80
4.1.2 SK-1 Core Lithology 80
4.1.3 SK-1 Special Deposits and Their Geological Significance 85
4.2 Paleomagnetism 86
4.2.1 Aims and Significance 86
4.2.2 Sampling and Magnetic DataAnalysis 86
4.2.3 Preliminary Results 87
4.3 Logging Results 90
4.3.1 Aims and Significance 90
4.3.2 Sampling and Analysis 91
4.3.3 Preliminary Results 91
4.4 Inorganic Geochemistry and Mineralogy 92
4.4.1 Research Objectives and Significance 92
4.4.2 Sampling and Analytical Methods 92
4.4.3 Preliminary Results 93
4.5 Chronostratigraphy 101
4.5.1 Aims and Significance 101
4.5.2 Sampling and Analytical Methods 101
4.5.3 Preliminary Results 102
4.6 Geomicrobiology 107
4.6.1 Research Objectives and Significance 107
4.6.2 Materials and Methods 107
4.6.3 Preliminary Data 108
4.7 Organic Geochemistry 112
4.7.1 Objectives and Significances of Organic Geochemistry Research 112
4.7.2 Sampling and Experimental Methods of Organic Matter Analysis 113
4.7.3 Preliminary Results 114
4.8 Stable Isotopes 117
4.8.1 Aims and Significance of This Study 117
4.8.2 Methods and Sampling 118
4.8.3 Preliminary Results 119
4.9 Cyclostratigraphy 120
4.9.1 Cyclostratigraphy of Sedimentary Strata in SK-1 121
4.9.2 Floating Astronomical Time Scale for Qingshankou Formation, SK-1s 122
4.10 Biostratigraphy 126
4.10.1 Aims and Significance 126
4.10.2 Materials and Methods 126
4.10.3 Preliminary Results 126
Section 5 SK-1 Core Description and Core Photographs 133
5.1 Stratigraphic Chart 134
5.1.1 Quantou Formation Members 3 and 4 134
5.1.2 Qingshankou Formation Member 1 149
5.1.3 Qingshankou Formation Members 2 and 3 155
5.1.4 Yaojia Formation 189
5.1.5 Nenjiang Formation Members 1 and 2 203
5.1.6 Nenjiang Formation Members 3, 4 and 5 227
5.1.7 Sifangtai Formation 281
5.1.8 Mingshui Formation 307
5.1.9 Taikang Formation 363
Reference 656
Appendix 667
Acknowledgements 691