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本教材內容分三部分, 第一部分基礎篇。第二部分應用提高篇。第三部分是附錄, 提供習題答案, 模擬題, 軟件水平考試程序員專業(yè)英語部分試題, 教材詞匯表等。

　　計算機專業(yè)與英語密切相關，計算機業(yè)界人員必須掌握最新技術，英語水平成為決定工作能力的因素之一。

　　計算機英語其內容具有很強的專業(yè)性，與公共英語相比更注重閱讀理解能力，只有看懂計算機軟硬件安裝使用說明手冊、計算機屏幕英語提示信息、編程與程序調試過程中的反饋信息才能解決實際問題。只有看懂計算機新技術、新產品的幫助、培訓教程，國外原版計算機教材，以及英文文檔和技術資料等，才能及時掌握并研究計算機新技術，提高專業(yè)水平。

　　本教材內容分三個部分。第一部分基礎篇，以單元（Unit）為單位，共10個單元，包括計算機硬件、軟件、操作系統(tǒng)、數據、程序設計、計算機科學、多媒體、網絡、因特網及在線服務、萬維網。每個單元分為術語、單詞、短語、縮略詞、練習、泛讀課文、術語參考譯文。習題形式多樣，有選擇題、匹配題、填空題、翻譯題和口語題等。第二部分應用提高篇，內容取材廣泛，均選自Apple、Adobe、Microsoft等著名計算機公司及國外計算機技術官方網站。按單元介紹國外計算機學習教程，以及計算機新技術、新軟件、新產品、新設備等，如Dreamweaver CC、C語言教程、iPhone手機、Apple計算機、Windows 10新特性、Office 2016新功能等。第三部分附錄，提供習題參考答案、專業(yè)英語樣卷、軟件水平考試程序員級專業(yè)英語部分試題、構詞法和基本句型、學術英語寫作常用句子、教材詞匯表等。

　　本書選材與時俱進，內容新穎獨特，實用性強，敘述簡明扼要，難度適中；內容與習題多樣化，教學操作性強，易用性強，適合于高校計算機專業(yè)英語本科教學使用。本書可以滿足不同院校計算機專業(yè)英語本科教學需求，也可作為計算機工程人員的參考用書。

　　由于作者水平有限，敬請讀者批評指正。

　　編者

　　2017年3月

　　Operating Systems

　　Part I Computer terms

　　* Operating Systems

　　The operating?system (OS) is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs and applications. Computer operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as printers. Computers and mobile devices must have an operating system to run programs. (ref. Fig.1-3-1)

　　Fig.1-3-1 Operating system

　　For large systems, the operating system has even greater responsibilities and powers. It is like a traffic cop—it makes sure that different programs and?users?running at the same time do not interfere with each other. The operating system is also responsible for?security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not?access?the system.

　　* Multitasking

　　The ability to execute more than one?task?at the same time, a task being a program. The terms multitasking and multiprocessing are often used interchangeably, although multiprocessing mplies that more than one?CPU is involved.

　　In multitasking, only one CPU is involved, but it switches from one program to another so quickly that it gives the appearance of executing all of the programs at the same time.

　　* Multiprocessing

　　Supports running a program on more than one?CPU.

　　* Multi-user

　　Refers to computer systems that support two or more simultaneous users. All?mainframes and minicomputers are multi-user systems, but most personal computers and workstations are not.

　　* Multithreading

　　The ability of an?operating system?to?execute?different parts of a program, called threads, simultaneously. The?programmer?must carefully design the program in such a way that all the threads can run?at the same time without interfering with each other.

　　* Real time

　　?Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as?DOS?and?UNIX, are not real-time.

　　* Linux Operating Systems

　　Linux?is a freely distributed open source operating system that runs on a number of hardware platforms. The Linux kernel was developed mainly by Linus Torvalds and it is based on UNIX.

　　* Windows Operating Systems

　　Microsoft Windows?is a family of operating systems for personal and business computers. Windows dominates the personal computer world, offering a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices.

　　* Mac Operating Systems

　　Mac OS is the official name of the?Apple Macintosh operating system. Mac OS features a graphical user interface (GUI) that utilizes windows, icons, and all applications that run on a Macintosh computer have a similar user interface.

　　* Control panel

　　A?Macintosh?utility?that permits you to set many of the?system?parameters. For example, you can control the type of beeps the?Mac?makes and the sensitivity of the?mouse.

　　* Mobile operating system

　　A mobile?operating system, also called a mobile OS, is an operating system that is specifically designed to run on mobile devices such as mobile phones, smartphones, PDAs, tablet computers and other handheld devices. The mobile operating system is the software platform on top of which other programs, called application?programs, can run on mobile devices.

　　* Smartphone

　　Smartphones are a handheld?device?that integrates mobile phone capabilities with the more common features of a handheld computer or?PDA. Smartphones allow users to store information,?e-mail, install programs, along with using a mobile phone in one device. For example a smartphone could be a mobile phone with some PDA functions integrated into the device, or vise versa.

　　* NOS—network operating system

　　Abbreviated as NOS, a network operating system includes special functions for connecting computers and devices into a local-area network (LAN). Some operating systems, such as UNIX and the Mac OS, have networking functions built in.

　　……

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