序一　回應(yīng)中國(guó)年輕人的夢(mèng)想

十八年前，我的慈善學(xué)課堂上出現(xiàn)了第一位來(lái)自中國(guó)北方的學(xué)生，她當(dāng)時(shí)在印第安納大學(xué)攻讀慈善研究專業(yè)碩士學(xué)位。從那時(shí)起，我有了越來(lái)越多來(lái)自中國(guó)的學(xué)生：他們中有本科生、碩士生、博士生，我還支持了一些中國(guó)的訪問(wèn)學(xué)者在美國(guó)開(kāi)展研究工作。

我有幸到訪過(guò)中國(guó)四次。第一次旅程從香港開(kāi)始，接連去了廣州和北京的幾所著名高校進(jìn)行交流和舉辦講座。我的聽(tīng)眾大多是年輕人，他們渴望了解美國(guó)的公益行業(yè)和志愿服務(wù)，其中幾名學(xué)生隨后便來(lái)了印第安納大學(xué)繼續(xù)求學(xué)。

我經(jīng)常思考這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：為什么中國(guó)，特別是中國(guó)的年輕人，對(duì)美國(guó)獨(dú)特的慈善和志愿服務(wù)文化一直如此感興趣？雖然中國(guó)有著悠久的慈善歷史，但中國(guó)的慈善事業(yè)更多由家族和領(lǐng)袖主導(dǎo)，而不是由社區(qū)和民眾主導(dǎo)。美國(guó)的捐贈(zèng)人和志愿者可以在合法的范圍內(nèi)自由地支持他們關(guān)心的議題，但在中國(guó)，這些活動(dòng)受到更多的監(jiān)管。美國(guó)的慈善通常熱熱鬧鬧，看上去有些混亂卻又不斷突破現(xiàn)狀；而中國(guó)人口廣布、歷史悠久，其慈善事業(yè)更加傾向于維護(hù)社會(huì)和諧穩(wěn)定。

簡(jiǎn)·亞當(dāng)斯(Jane Addams) 是美國(guó)慈善事業(yè)的先驅(qū)，她也一直激勵(lì)著我們?cè)谟〉诎布{大學(xué)的工作。從她著名的提問(wèn)“我們?cè)撊绾位貞?yīng)年輕人的夢(mèng)想呢”中我尋找到了答案。在一個(gè)世紀(jì)前，她在芝加哥建造新移民的社區(qū)中心“赫爾民宿”（Hull House）時(shí)意識(shí)到，鼓勵(lì)年輕人——尤其是那些來(lái)自富裕家庭的年輕人投身民主社會(huì)建設(shè)，是回應(yīng)他們理想主義的最佳方式。

那些在印第安納大學(xué)和其他美國(guó)高校的慈善研究專業(yè)求學(xué)的中國(guó)學(xué)生，還有那些我在中國(guó)的講座和課堂上遇到的年輕學(xué)子，都印證了這個(gè)充滿智慧的見(jiàn)解。這一代的年輕人將會(huì)是被歷史銘記的一代，他們享受著前所未有的繁榮，也經(jīng)歷著諸多的未知和劫難。以史為鑒，他們擔(dān)心未來(lái)需要承受的將會(huì)更多。

未知向來(lái)使人不安，充滿挑戰(zhàn)。然而，未知也會(huì)使那些善良的人、有能力的人和有理想的人通過(guò)努力爬上頂峰，證明自己。這些人不僅在政界和商界，他們也存在于不計(jì)其數(shù)的正式或者非正式的團(tuán)體里，就像美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)(也做過(guò)駐華大使)喬治·布什(George H.W.Bush)所說(shuō)的，他們是可以照亮黑夜的萬(wàn)點(diǎn)星光。他們可以利用的資源不僅包括來(lái)自稅收和商業(yè)的資金，還包括志愿者和捐贈(zèng)人無(wú)償奉獻(xiàn)的時(shí)間和捐款。他們?yōu)榱死硐攵鴬^斗，不斷學(xué)習(xí)——這就是那么多的中國(guó)年輕人，而不僅僅是一些已有建樹的學(xué)者，一直在研究美國(guó)慈善的原因。

這本書便源自對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)這樣一個(gè)夢(mèng)想的渴望。它由與我一同工作過(guò)的兩名學(xué)生和學(xué)者一起撰寫，旨在向中國(guó)讀者展示她們認(rèn)為美國(guó)非營(yíng)利組織中有價(jià)值的部分。她們寫作本書，并不是為了鼓勵(lì)模仿，而是為了幫助人們理解在典型的美國(guó)社區(qū)中公益慈善的運(yùn)作方式以及探究它在中國(guó)運(yùn)作的可能性：開(kāi)創(chuàng)一個(gè)“具有中國(guó)特色的慈善事業(yè)”。

公眾參與的活力需要被重新喚起，公民需要更多地參與公共事務(wù)、回應(yīng)公共問(wèn)題，慈善基金需要可信任的代理人——這些都是中國(guó)當(dāng)前正在經(jīng)歷的挑戰(zhàn)，并且在未來(lái)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)仍需持續(xù)關(guān)注。道阻且長(zhǎng)，但這些任務(wù)對(duì)中國(guó)未來(lái)的成功至關(guān)重要，值得中國(guó)的年輕人在未來(lái)的歲月里，用智慧、奉獻(xiàn)和努力去不斷地進(jìn)取，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)。

“我們?cè)撊绾位貞?yīng)年輕人的夢(mèng)想呢?”簡(jiǎn)·亞當(dāng)斯問(wèn)。

提醒他們什么是真正值得追求的，正是這本書的價(jià)值所在。

美國(guó)印第安納大學(xué)禮來(lái)家族慈善學(xué)院資深院長(zhǎng)顧問(wèn)

Leslie Lenkowsky

Responding to the Dreams of Chinese Youth

It has now been nearly eighteen years since I taught about philanthropy to my first Chinese student, a woman who had come from Northern China to enroll in Indiana University’s Master of Arts in Philanthropic Studies program. Since then, I have had so many more students I cannot count them: undergraduates, Master’s students, doctoral candidates, and several visiting faculty members whose work in the United States I sponsored.

I have also been privileged to visit China four times. The first trip began in Hong Kong and included stops at several great Chinese universities in Guangzhou and Beijing, with my audiences mostly being young people, eager to learn about American philanthropy and volunteering. Several subsequently came to Indiana University to study.

I have often asked myself why there was—and still is—such interest in China, especially among its youth, in activities that are so distinctively associated with the United States. Philanthropy has a long history in China, but its context is very different, directed more toward family and leaders than to communities and citizens. American donors and volunteers are largely free to pursue whatever causes they want (within the bounds of legality), while in China, they have to operate under the watchful eye of government and its surrogates. Philanthropy in the United States can often be annoying, disrupting a complacent status quo. China places great value on maintaining harmony among its many, far-flung peoples.

I found a clue in a famous question a pioneer of American philanthropy (and an inspiration for us at Indiana University), Jane Addams, used to ask: “How shall we respond to the dreams of youth?” A century ago, when she was creating Hull House, a community center for new immigrants to Chicago, she realized that engaging young people, especially from better-off families, in the hard work of building a democratic society was the best way to respond to their idealism. 

I think the Chinese students who have been coming to Indiana University and other schools to study philanthropy, as well as those who go to the lectures and classes in China that I and others have given, reflect the continuing wisdom of this insight. They are part of a generation that has been marked by history. They have already known unprecedented prosperity. But they have experienced uncertainty and disaster as well. If Chinese history is any guide, they fear they might experience a lot more.

Uncertainty is never comforting, and it always has its challenges. But it is in times of challenge that good people, competent people, idealistic people, rise to the top and prove themselves. And they do so not just in government or business, but in the myriad associations-formal and informal-that former U.S. President (and Ambassador to China) George H. W. Bush once called “a thousand points of light.” Moreover, they use not just funds from taxes or commerce, but resources of time and money voluntarily given and responsibly managed. To learn how to do that in order to build the China of their dreams (while avoiding the nightmares of its past) is why so many young Chinese-and not a few older ones—have been studying the role philanthropy plays in the United States.

This book is a product of that desire. Written by two students and faculty members I have had the great pleasure to work with, it aims to show Chinese readers what they consider valuable about the nonprofit organizations of the United States. Their intent is not to encourage imitation, but rather, to foster understanding of how philanthropy works in a typical American community and how it might work in China: to help build what one could call “philanthropy with Chinese characteristics”.

Reinvigorating the civic health of a nation; engaging the public to meet common needs; being faithful stewards of philanthropic funds—these are important tasks that are already well underway in China and await continued attention and nurture in the years ahead. They are not easy tasks, but they are crucial for China’s success in the future, worthy of the talent, dedication, and drive China’s young people can bring to them. 

“How shall we respond to the dreams of youth?” Jane Addams asked. By reminding them what is really worth dreaming about. This book is a valuable contribution to that goal.

Senior Counsellor to the Dean of the Lilly Family School of 

Philanthropy at Indiana University

Leslie Lenkowsky

序　　二

在我的心目中，徐宇珊和朱照南是兩位學(xué)生輩的“小姑娘”，而現(xiàn)今，她們倆居然開(kāi)始聯(lián)合寫書了。書稿就擺在面前，前沿的話題，國(guó)外的事實(shí)，不服盡管來(lái)讀。

轉(zhuǎn)念一想，也正是年輕人特有的心靈觸角與學(xué)術(shù)視野的結(jié)合，才使其在國(guó)外的社會(huì)公益原野，充滿興致地去掬捧那些關(guān)于表層事實(shí)與深層暗線的公益花朵。一次簡(jiǎn)單的國(guó)外公益行，就足以讓一個(gè)人滔滔不絕地講述國(guó)外的新鮮見(jiàn)聞，更何況這里的行動(dòng)者都特別用心，進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)化的探訪和詢問(wèn)，以及學(xué)術(shù)視角的資料查閱與呼應(yīng)；轉(zhuǎn)念一想，他們都已經(jīng)成為領(lǐng)域里的博士研究人員了。

在書中，美國(guó)公益領(lǐng)域里的事情被縱剖一百年，全部用具體的案例形式展示出來(lái)，給讀者一個(gè)“人家是如何做的”的實(shí)例展現(xiàn)。兩位作者用學(xué)者的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、年輕人的好奇、女性的細(xì)膩，將觀察到、訪談到的事實(shí)匯總一起，真實(shí)、形象、可信。

在勾勒公益組織網(wǎng)絡(luò)化的部分里，組織的案例又具體到美國(guó)的一個(gè)縣域之內(nèi)，因而又帶有一種地域解剖的性質(zhì)，從而既使我們看到了單個(gè)組織是如何運(yùn)作的，又使我們看到了它們之間的整體關(guān)聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

最濃重的一筆還在于對(duì)公益組織一百年來(lái)變化脈絡(luò)的梳理。從最基礎(chǔ)意義上的慈善到社會(huì)公眾的卷入，從社會(huì)公益組織的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化到社會(huì)企業(yè)、社會(huì)創(chuàng)新、公益創(chuàng)投這些新型公益運(yùn)作手法的興起，整體性的變動(dòng)脈絡(luò)被系統(tǒng)化地梳理出來(lái)。

回眸一看，這不也正是我們國(guó)家當(dāng)前社會(huì)公益領(lǐng)域里所發(fā)生的事情嗎？大洋兩岸國(guó)家的一個(gè)對(duì)照與相互呼應(yīng)，讓人更容易開(kāi)闊視野，對(duì)事情的變化發(fā)展有一個(gè)總體格局上的清晰把握。更何況，人家那里的事情經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)更長(zhǎng)的變動(dòng)時(shí)期，有著更深遠(yuǎn)的歷史淵源，因而如此的變動(dòng)更有啟發(fā)性。

我們還可以將書中闡述出來(lái)的事實(shí)當(dāng)作繼續(xù)研討的原材料。有的人或許因此得出結(jié)論，說(shuō)公益領(lǐng)域在整體性地成長(zhǎng)，并延伸向市場(chǎng)與政府這另外兩個(gè)部門，形成三部門融合的趨勢(shì)；還有的人或許會(huì)解讀出，公益組織越來(lái)越需要專業(yè)化的解決社會(huì)問(wèn)題的能力，并且看到，在社會(huì)創(chuàng)新、公益創(chuàng)投這些新型的概念下，所掩藏的唯一精髓就是要有解決問(wèn)題的專業(yè)能力。

你盡可以有你自己的個(gè)性化解讀，可以認(rèn)為本來(lái)就沒(méi)有一套統(tǒng)一的答案甚至統(tǒng)一的表述，也完全可以保留一些不解與思考。而唯一不變的則是，一些事情正在發(fā)生著。

北京師范大學(xué)社會(huì)發(fā)展與公共政策學(xué)院教授

陶傳進(jìn)

以欣賞的心情閱讀并書寫