目錄
前言
第1章 西部煤炭開(kāi)采與生態(tài)修復(fù)技術(shù)發(fā)展 1
1.1 西部地區(qū)煤炭資源與開(kāi)采地質(zhì)條件 1
1.1.1 西部地區(qū)煤炭資源基本情況及開(kāi)采地質(zhì)條件 1
1.1.2 神東礦區(qū)煤炭資源及開(kāi)采地質(zhì)條件 5
1.2 煤炭現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采技術(shù)特點(diǎn)及發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 9
1.2.1 現(xiàn)代煤炭開(kāi)采的主要特點(diǎn) 9
1.2.2 神東礦區(qū)煤炭現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采工藝技術(shù) 12
1.2.3 西部地區(qū)煤炭現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 15
1.3 西部煤炭開(kāi)采地下水與地表生態(tài)保護(hù)及研究方法 17
1.3.1 煤炭現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采面臨的難題及相關(guān)科學(xué)問(wèn)題 18
1.3.2 國(guó)內(nèi)外研究與實(shí)踐現(xiàn)狀 20
1.3.3 研究分析思路和方法 24
第2章 基于四維地震的現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采覆巖損傷規(guī)律研究 32
2.1 采動(dòng)覆巖結(jié)構(gòu)變化探測(cè)與分析方法 32
2.1.1 煤巖層地球物理測(cè)井方法 32
2.1.2 高精度四維地震數(shù)據(jù)采集與處理方法 43
2.1.3 四維地震資料數(shù)據(jù)處理 47
2.2 采動(dòng)覆巖結(jié)構(gòu)變化的信息提取與分析方法 56
2.2.1 時(shí)移地震數(shù)據(jù)體顯示方法 56
2.2.2 采動(dòng)覆巖靜態(tài)描述方法 59
2.2.3 煤系地層動(dòng)態(tài)描述 67
2.3 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采工作面采動(dòng)覆巖結(jié)構(gòu)變化分析 79
2.3.1 開(kāi)采前煤層覆巖地震響應(yīng)特征 79
2.3.2 開(kāi)采中采動(dòng)覆巖地震響應(yīng)特征 80
2.3.3 開(kāi)采后采動(dòng)覆巖地震響應(yīng)特征 83
2.4 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采技術(shù)下采動(dòng)覆巖結(jié)構(gòu)變化趨勢(shì)分析 85
2.4.1 采動(dòng)覆巖結(jié)構(gòu)變化的地震“三帶”響應(yīng)特點(diǎn) 85
2.4.2 采動(dòng)覆巖結(jié)構(gòu)變化信息增強(qiáng)方法 87
2.4.3 基于地震振幅譜信息的采動(dòng)裂隙發(fā)育變化分析 88
2.4.4 采動(dòng)覆巖滲透率變化趨勢(shì)分析 93
第3章 煤炭現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采對(duì)淺表層結(jié)構(gòu)及土壤水的影響 100
3.1 基于時(shí)移地質(zhì)雷達(dá)的地表層含水性變化探測(cè)方法 100
3.1.1 時(shí)移地質(zhì)雷達(dá)探測(cè)方法 100
3.1.2 第四系地表層主要巖性結(jié)構(gòu)及分布特征 118
3.1.3 地表層含水率信息提取方法 123
3.2 開(kāi)采對(duì)地表層結(jié)構(gòu)的影響分析 130
3.2.1 層位厚度提取算法研究 130
3.2.2 層位變化評(píng)價(jià)算法 133
3.2.3 開(kāi)采不同階段主要巖性結(jié)構(gòu)的變化分析 134
3.3 開(kāi)采對(duì)地表層含水率的影響及變化趨勢(shì)分析 137
3.3.1 地表層含水率探測(cè)有效性及影響因素 137
3.3.2 采前地表層含水率空間分布情況 139
3.3.3 開(kāi)采對(duì)地表層含水率的影響分析 140
第4章 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采對(duì)采動(dòng)覆巖賦水性影響研究 144
4.1 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采影響的物理和數(shù)值模擬研究 144
4.1.1 模擬研究方法 144
4.1.2 含水層泄漏狀態(tài)響應(yīng)模擬 145
4.1.3 地下水順層流動(dòng)狀態(tài)響應(yīng)模擬 148
4.1.4 地下充水采空區(qū)狀態(tài)響應(yīng)模擬 150
4.1.5 開(kāi)采覆巖破壞狀態(tài)響應(yīng)模擬 151
4.2 時(shí)移高精度電法數(shù)據(jù)采集與處理方法 152
4.2.1 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)數(shù)據(jù)采集 153
4.2.2 數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)處理方法 153
4.2.3 數(shù)據(jù)精細(xì)反演與可視化成像 158
4.2.4 高精度電阻率解釋 160
4.3 補(bǔ)連塔試驗(yàn)區(qū)采動(dòng)覆巖富水性變化綜合分析 165
4.3.1 試驗(yàn)區(qū)基本地電情況 165
4.3.2 采動(dòng)覆巖賦水性剖面分析 167
4.3.3 采動(dòng)覆巖賦水性變化綜合分析 171
第5章 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采基巖裂隙水模擬預(yù)測(cè)分析 180
5.1 地下水流有限單元法模擬方法 180
5.1.1 有限單元法簡(jiǎn)介 180
5.1.2 FEFLOW軟件介紹 182
5.2 基巖裂隙水流場(chǎng)數(shù)值模擬 183
5.2.1 地下水系統(tǒng)概念模型 183
5.2.2 地下水系統(tǒng)數(shù)學(xué)模型 184
5.2.3 地下水系統(tǒng)數(shù)值模型的建立 185
5.2.4 地下水?dāng)?shù)值模型的識(shí)別與驗(yàn)證 188
5.2.5 地下水?dāng)?shù)值模型的預(yù)測(cè) 190
5.3 烏蘭木倫井田開(kāi)采對(duì)基巖裂隙水影響預(yù)測(cè)分析 191
5.3.1 水文地質(zhì)概況 191
5.3.2 基巖裂隙水產(chǎn)生礦井水量預(yù)測(cè) 193
5.4 補(bǔ)連塔井田開(kāi)采對(duì)基巖裂隙水影響預(yù)測(cè)分析 195
5.4.1 水文地質(zhì)概況 195
5.4.2 基巖裂隙水產(chǎn)生礦井水量預(yù)測(cè) 197
5.5 大柳塔井田開(kāi)采對(duì)基巖裂隙水影響預(yù)測(cè)分析 200
5.5.1 水文地質(zhì)概況 201
5.5.2 基巖裂隙水產(chǎn)生礦井水量預(yù)測(cè) 205
5.6 榆家梁井田開(kāi)采對(duì)基巖裂隙水影響預(yù)測(cè)分析 209
5.6.1 水文地質(zhì)概況 209
5.6.2 基巖裂隙水產(chǎn)生礦井水量預(yù)測(cè) 212
第6章 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)地表移動(dòng)變形規(guī)律研究 216
6.1 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采地表移動(dòng)變形觀測(cè)與分析方法 216
6.1.1 觀測(cè)系統(tǒng)及觀測(cè)點(diǎn)布局 216
6.1.2 地表移動(dòng)觀測(cè)方法 218
6.1.3 地表移動(dòng)觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)處理 220
6.2 現(xiàn)代煤炭開(kāi)采對(duì)地表移動(dòng)變形規(guī)律影響分析 222
6.2.1 基于實(shí)測(cè)的地表移動(dòng)變形規(guī)律 223
6.2.2 基于模型的地表移動(dòng)變形參數(shù)求取 228
6.2.3 地表動(dòng)態(tài)參數(shù)求取與分析 231
6.2.4 動(dòng)態(tài)參數(shù)對(duì)比分析 232
6.3 開(kāi)采沉陷地表破壞預(yù)測(cè)分析 234
6.3.1 基于參數(shù)的地表沉陷預(yù)測(cè)分析比較 234
6.3.2 基于Suffer的開(kāi)采沉降區(qū)三維動(dòng)態(tài)模擬分析 235
6.3.3 地表變形區(qū)自修復(fù)能力分析 235
第7章 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采地表裂縫發(fā)育規(guī)律研究 240
7.1 開(kāi)采沉降區(qū)動(dòng)態(tài)裂縫初始狀態(tài)及分布特征 240
7.1.1 下沉盆地動(dòng)態(tài)裂縫初始狀態(tài)的分布特征 240
7.1.2 動(dòng)態(tài)裂縫發(fā)育周期監(jiān)測(cè)方法 242
7.1.3 動(dòng)態(tài)裂縫產(chǎn)生的時(shí)機(jī)模型 242
7.2 典型動(dòng)態(tài)裂縫發(fā)育規(guī)律分析 244
7.2.1 典型動(dòng)態(tài)裂縫發(fā)育特征分析 244
7.2.2 動(dòng)態(tài)裂縫的發(fā)育周期函數(shù)模型 246
7.3 典型邊緣裂縫分布特征與屬性 247
7.3.1 邊緣裂縫監(jiān)測(cè)方法 247
7.3.2 邊緣裂縫的分布特征與屬性 248
7.3.3 邊緣裂縫寬度與深度關(guān)系分析 249
7.4 地裂縫淺層地下軌跡研究 253
7.4.1 地裂縫淺層地下軌跡探測(cè)方法 253
7.4.2 地裂縫軌跡特征 255
第8章 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)土壤水及滲流規(guī)律研究 262
8.1 地表土壤水及土壤滲流特性測(cè)定方法 262
8.1.1 地表裂縫處含水率測(cè)定 262
8.1.2 土壤垂直方向水分影響觀測(cè) 264
8.1.3 地表裂縫區(qū)土壤滲流特性測(cè)定 265
8.1.4 地表水土流失測(cè)定 268
8.2 開(kāi)采地表裂縫及沉陷區(qū)土壤水變化特征 270
8.2.1 動(dòng)態(tài)裂縫對(duì)土壤含水性的影響特點(diǎn) 270
8.2.2 邊緣裂縫對(duì)土壤含水性的影響特點(diǎn) 278
8.2.3 開(kāi)采裂縫對(duì)土壤含水量的影響及自修復(fù)作用 283
8.2.4 塌陷時(shí)序上土壤含水量變化比較分析 285
8.3 開(kāi)采沉陷不同區(qū)土壤垂直方向水分變化特征 286
8.3.1 對(duì)照區(qū)的土壤水分垂直特征 287
8.3.2 沉陷區(qū)谷底區(qū)土壤水分垂直特征 289
8.3.3 沉陷盆地邊緣土壤水分垂直特征 289
8.3.4 開(kāi)切眼處土壤水分垂直特征 290
8.4 開(kāi)采對(duì)土壤滲流影響規(guī)律 291
8.4.1 開(kāi)采過(guò)程中土壤入滲變化規(guī)律 291
8.4.2 影響土壤穩(wěn)定入滲速率的因素分析 294
8.4.3 土壤滲流變化趨勢(shì)分析 296
8.5 開(kāi)采對(duì)地表水土流失影響研究 296
8.5.1 徑流小區(qū)地表和水流變化 296
8.5.2 水土流失影響現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)研究 297
第9章 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)土壤損傷規(guī)律研究 299
9.1 土壤主要參數(shù)測(cè)定方法 299
9.1.1 土壤樣點(diǎn)時(shí)空布局及采集方法 299
9.1.2 植物土壤采樣布局與方法 301
9.1.3 土壤主要物理參數(shù)測(cè)定方法 303
9.1.4 土壤主要化學(xué)參數(shù)測(cè)定方法 306
9.2 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)土壤物理特征時(shí)空變化 309
9.2.1 土壤容重變化特征 309
9.2.2 土壤孔隙度變化特征 312
9.2.3 土壤含水率變化特征 314
9.2.4 土壤入滲與蒸發(fā)能力變化特征 319
9.3 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)土壤化學(xué)特征時(shí)空變化 321
9.3.1 土壤pH 321
9.3.2 土壤全氮 322
9.3.3 土壤速效鉀 323
9.3.4 土壤速效磷 325
9.3.5 土壤有機(jī)質(zhì) 326
第10章 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)植物生長(zhǎng)及根際土壤環(huán)境變化研究 329
10.1 研究區(qū)植物概況及采樣方法 329
10.1.1 研究區(qū)植物概況 329
10.1.2 典型植物選擇 331
10.1.3 樣區(qū)布置與采樣方法 334
10.1.4 主要測(cè)試參數(shù)及測(cè)定方法 338
10.2 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)植物生長(zhǎng)變化研究 338
10.2.1 補(bǔ)連塔現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)典型植物變化研究 339
10.2.2 大柳塔現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)典型植物變化研究 348
10.3 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采對(duì)典型植物土壤環(huán)境的主要影響 354
10.3.1 補(bǔ)連塔現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)植物根際土壤變化 354
10.3.2 大柳塔研究區(qū)現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)植物土壤環(huán)境研究 369
第11章 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)植物根際生物環(huán)境及多樣性變化研究 378
11.1 開(kāi)采沉陷對(duì)植物根際微生物數(shù)量的影響 378
11.1.1 補(bǔ)連塔研究區(qū) 379
11.1.2 大柳塔研究區(qū) 388
11.2 開(kāi)采對(duì)典型植物根際酶活性的影響 390
11.2.1 補(bǔ)連塔研究區(qū) 391
11.2.2 大柳塔研究區(qū) 398
11.3 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)微生物菌群多樣性影響 400
11.3.1 不同開(kāi)采時(shí)間根系真菌種類 400
11.3.2 不同開(kāi)采時(shí)間下系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹 401
11.3.3 根系真菌多樣性分析 401
11.4 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采沉陷區(qū)植物群落演替變化分析 417
11.4.1 物種多樣性 418
11.4.2 植物群落特征 419
第12章 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采地表生態(tài)損傷程度與自修復(fù)研究 431
12.1 基于GIS的礦區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境損害評(píng)價(jià) 432
12.1.1 損害評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系構(gòu)建 432
12.1.2 專題數(shù)據(jù)處理分析 436
12.1.3 評(píng)價(jià)方法 443
12.1.4 評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果分析 443
12.2 基于現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采的地表土地生態(tài)損傷自修復(fù)能力研究 445
12.2.1 土地生態(tài)環(huán)境自修復(fù)評(píng)價(jià)模型 445
12.2.2 評(píng)價(jià)體系構(gòu)建 449
12.2.3 評(píng)價(jià)模型應(yīng)用 452
12.2.4 評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果分析 454
12.3 基于現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采的植被生態(tài)損傷及自修復(fù)能力研究 456
12.3.1 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采生態(tài)系統(tǒng)損傷模型構(gòu)建 456
12.3.2 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采對(duì)本底生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響程度評(píng)價(jià)(試驗(yàn)區(qū)案例) 460
12.3.3 現(xiàn)代開(kāi)采植物生態(tài)損傷及自修復(fù)能力評(píng)價(jià) 463
參考文獻(xiàn) 468
Contents
Preface
1 Coal mining in Western region and technology advances for eco-restoration 1
1.1 Coal resources and mining geological conditions in Western China 1
1.1.1 Coal resources and geological conditions for coal development 1
1.1.2 The geological conditions and coal resources in Shendong mining area 5
1.2 Features of modern coal mining technology and its progress trend 9
1.2.1 The major features of modern coal mining 9
1.2.2 Application of modern mining techniques in Shendong mining area 12
1.2.3 The progress tendency of modern coal mining in Western China 15
1.3 The issues and solution for groundwater and surface ecology in coal mining area of Western China 17
1.3.1 The challenges from coal mining and some key academic issues 18
1.3.2 Progress of the related research and practice around the world 20
1.3.3 The ideas and methodology for the research 24
2 Mining damage analysis of overlying strata using 4D seismic method 32
2.1 Prospecting and analysis method for the overlying strata change 32
2.1.1 Geophysical logging method for coal and rock formations 32
2.1.2 Seismic acquisition for high-precision 4D data 43
2.1.3 4D seismic data processing 47
2.2 The features identification for the changes of overlying rock structure 56
2.2.1 T-shift seismic interpretation and data volume display 56
2.2.2 Static description of mining overlying strata 59
2.2.3 Dynamic description of coal-contained strata 67
2.3 Analysis of overlying strata change in over-sized mining face 79
2.3.1 Seismic response features of overlying strata before mining 79
2.3.2 Seismic response features of overlying strata during mining 80
2.3.3 Seismic response features of overlying strata after mining 83
2.4 Trend analysis of the overlying strata impacted with modern mining 85
2.4.1 The “three zones” of the overlying strata 85
2.4.2 Enhanced method for change features of the overlying strata structures 87
2.4.3 Fracture progress analysis using T-shift seismic amplitude spectrum (SAM) 88
2.4.4 Permeability analysis of overlying strata using T-shift SAM 93
3 Coal mining impact on near-surface strata and soil moisture 100
3.1 Moisture detection of near-surface strata and soil using T-shift GPR 100
3.1.1 T-shift Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method 100
3.1.2 Lithographic structure and spatial distribution of Quaternary layer 118
3.1.3 Determined method for the near-surface layer moisture 123
3.2 Mining impact analysis to the structure of near-surface layer 130
3.2.1 The layer’s thickness algorithm 130
3.2.2 Evaluation algorithm of the layer’s thickness change 133
3.2.3 Changes of lithological structure during different mining phases 134
3.3 Mining impact to the near-surface layer moisture and its tendency 137
3.3.1 Detection effectiveness of the moisture content and influencing factors 137
3.3.2 Spatial distribution of the moisture content before mining 139
3.3.3 Impact analysis of the moisture content 140
4 The mining impact on the hydrolic property of overlying strata 144
4.1 The physical and numerical simulation of the mining impacts 144
4.1.1 Simulation method 144
4.1.2 Mining response simulation of aquifer leakage 145
4.1.3 Mining response simulation of groundwater bedding flow 148
4.1.4 Mining response simulation of underground water-filled goaf 150
4.1.5 Mining response simulation of the overlying strata 151
4.2 Data acquisition and processing using T-shift high-precision EM 152
4.2.1 Field data acquisition 153
4.2.2 Data pre-processing method 153
4.2.3 Data inversion and visualization 158
4.2.4 High-precision resistivity interpretation 160
4.3 Analysis to the hydrolic property of overlying strata in Bulianta test area 165
4.3.1 Geo-electric setting in test area 165
4.3.2 Profile analysis to the hydrous property of overlying strata 167
4.3.3 Comprehensive analysis to hydrolic property of overlying strata 171
5 Prediction of bedrock fissure water under modern mining 180
5.1 Finite element simulation method of groundwater flow 180
5.1.1 Introduction of finite element method 180
5.1.2 Introduction of FEFLOW software 182
5.2 The numerical simulation of bedrock fissure flow field 183
5.2.1 Conceptual model for describing groundwater system 183
5.2.2 Mathematical description for the groundwater system 184
5.2.3 Numerical model construction of the groundwater system 185
5.2.4 Identification and validation of the model parameter 188
5.2.5 Prediction of groundwater using the numerical model 190
5.3 Predicting mining impact on bedrock fissure water in Ulanmulun mine 191
5.3.1 Hydro-geological conditions of Ulanmulun mine 191
5.3.2 Predicting mine water from bedrock fissure water 193
5.4 Predicting mining impact on bedrock fissure water in Bulianta mine 195
5.4.1 Hydro-geological conditions of Bulianta mine 195
5.4.2 Predicting mine water from bedrock fissure water 197
5.5 Predicting mining impact on bedrock fissure water in Daliuta mine 200
5.5.1 Hydro-geological conditions of Daliuta mine 201
5.5.2 Predicting mine water from bedrock fissure water 205
5.6 Predicting mining impact on bedrock fissure water in Yujialiang mine 209
5.6.1 Hydro-geological conditions of Yujialiang mine 209
5.6.2 Predicting mine water from bedrock fissure water 212
6 Ground movement and deformation in modern mining area 216
6.1 Detection and analysis method of surface movement and deformation 216
6.1.1 Detecting system and its layout of measuring position 216
6.1.2 Detecting method of the ground movement 218
6.1.3 Acquired data processing 220
6.2 Analysis of the movement and deformation due to underground mining 222
6.2.1 The movement and deformation tendency based on site measurement 223
6.2.2 The movement and deformation modeling using the parameters 228
6.2.3 The parameter calculation of ground movement and its analysis 231
6.2.4 The parameter comparison and analysis of dynamic ground movement 232
6.3 Prediction of ground subsidence induced by underground mining 234
6.3.1 Prediction of ground subsidence based on parameters 234
6.3.2 3D dynamic simulation of the ground subsidence area using Suffer 235
6.3.3 Analysis of self-healing ability for ground deformation 235
7 The occurrence and development of surface cracks in mining area 240
7.1 Initial status and distribution of dynamic fractures in subsidence area 240
7.1.1 Initial status and distribution of dynamic cracks within subsidence area 240
7.1.2 Dynamical measuring method of fracture development process 242
7.1.3 Timing model for dynamic ground crack generation 242
7.2 The occurrence and development features of dynamic cracks 244
7.2.1 Development features of the dynamic cracks 244
7.2.2 Development cycle model of the dynamic cracks 246
7.3 Distribution features and properties of the margin cracks 247
7.3.1 Data acquirement of the margin cracks 247
7.3.2 Distribution features and properties of the margin cracks 248
7.3.3 The relation between width and depth of the margin cracks 249
7.4 The subsurface trajectory of the ground cracks 253
7.4.1 Detection of the ground cracks 253
7.4.2 The subsurface trajectory features of the ground cracks 255
8 The soil moisture and its seepage features in the subsidence area 262
8.1 Measurement of soil-water and soil seepage characteristics 262
8.1.1 The measurement of surface cracks 262
8.1.2 The vertical measurement of soil moisture 264
8.1.3 The soil seepage measurement in surface crack area 265
8.1.4 Measurement of soil and water erosion 268
8.2 Development characteristics of the surface cracks and soil moisture 270
8.2.1 Dynamic crack influence on the soil moisture 270
8.2.2 Margin crack influence on the soil moisture 278
8.2.3 The crack influence on the soil moisture and its self-healing tendency 283
8.2.4 Sequential comparison of soil moisture at surface subsidence area 285
8.3 Vertical change of soil moisture in the subsidence area 286
8.3.1 Vertical change of soil moisture in the contrast area 287
8.3.2 Vertical changes of soil moisture in the central gentle zone 289
8.3.3 Vertical changes of soil moisture at the margin zone 289
8.3.4 Vertical changes of soil moisture at face cut zone 290
8.4 Mining influence on soil infiltration 291
8.4.1 The variation of soil infiltration during mining process 291
8.4.2 Primary factors affecting soil steady infiltration rate 294
8.4.3 Soil infiltration tendency analysis 296
8.5 The mining influence on soil and water erosion 296
8.5.1 Variation of surface water flow in runoff plot 296
8.5.2 Field test on soil erosion effects 297
9 The soil damage in mining subsidence area 299
9.1 Measurement methods of the soil parameters 299
9.1.1 Spatial and temporal layout of the soil samples and sampling method 299
9.1.2 Spatial and temporal layout of the plant samples and sampling method 301
9.1.3 Measurement methods of the soil physical parameters 303
9.1.4 Measurement methods of the soil chemical parameters 306
9.2 Temporal and spatial variation of the soil physical parameters 309
9.2.1 Soil bulk density 309
9.2.2 Soil porosity 312
9.2.3 Soil moisture 314
9.2.4 Soil infiltration and evaporation capacity 319
9.3 Temporal and spatial variation of the soil chemical parameters 321
9.3.1 Soil pH 321
9.3.2 Total N 322
9.3.3 Available K 323
9.3.4 Available P 325
9.3.5 Organic matter 326
10 Variation of plant growth and rhizosphere soil in subsidence area 329
10.1 Plant survey and sampling methods in the study area 329
10.1.1 Plant situation of the study area 329
10.1.2 Selection of the typical plant 331
10.1.3 Measurement layout and sampling method 334
10.1.4 Primary measured parameters and methods 338
10.2 The plant growth variation in mining subsidence area 338
10.2.1 Comparison of the typical plants in Bulianta subsidence area 339
10.2.2 Comparison of the typical plants in Daliuta subsidence area 348
10.3 Primary influence on the plant rhizosphere soil in subsidence area 354
10.3.1 Rhizosphere soil comparison of the plant in Bulianta sample area 354
10.3.2 Rhizosphere soil comparison of the plant in Daliuta sample area 369
11 Variation of the plant rhizosphere biological environment and the diversity in subsidence area 378
11.1 Subsidence effects on the microbial quantity in the plant rhizosphere 378
11.1.1 Bulianta sample area 379
11.1.2 Daliuta sample area 388
11.2 Subsidence effects on the enzyme activities in the plant rhizosphere 390
11.2.1 Bulianta sample area 391
11.2.2 Daliuta sample area 398
11.3 Subsidence effects on the microbial flora diversity in plant rhizosphere 400
11.3.1 The root fungus species at different mining stages 400
11.3.2 The phylogenetic tree at different mining stages 401
11.3.3 Analysis of root fungal diversity 401
11.4 The plant community succession in mining subsidence area 417
11.4.1 Plant species diversity 418
11.4.2 Feature of plant communities 419
12 Degree of the ecological damage and the self-healing in mining area 431
12.1 GIS-based damage evaluation on the ecological environment 432
12.1.1 Construction of damage assessment index system 432
12.1.2 Thematic data processing 436
12.1.3 Evaluation method 443
12.1.4 Analysis of evaluation results 443
12.2 Ecological self-healing ability of the damaged soil 445
12.2.1 Self-healing evaluation mode for land ecological environment 445
12.2.2 Construction of the evaluation system 449
12.2.3 The model application to sample area 452
12.2.4 Evaluation result analysis 454
12.3 The ecological self-healing ability of the damaged vegetation 456
12.3.1 Ecosystem damage model construction 456
12.3.2 Impact evaluation on the ecological background level 460
12.3.3 Evaluation on damaged vegetation and ecological self-healing ability 463
References 468